GENDRE, LE. 



GENOVESI, ANTONIO. 



manuscript treatise on music, on which he had bestowed much time 

 and labour, and on the success of which his hopes of future independ- 

 ence were founded. This he never recovered ; and the circumstance 

 so preyed on his mind, that we are told it shortened his life, though 

 probably not by any long period, for he reached his eighty-third year. 

 He died in Dublin in 17B2. 

 UKXDRE LE. [LEOENDBE.] 



GKNGIS KHAN was the son of a Mogul chief named Pisoueay 

 or Ycsoucay, who ruled over 30,000 or 40,000 families. He was born 

 A.H. 559 (A.D. 1164), at a place called Blun Yulduck. His original name 

 was Temugin, which he exchanged for that of Gengis Khan, that is, 

 ' Khan of Khans,' when he became the supreme ruler of the Moguls 

 and Tartars. 



Gengis Khan was early trained to the art of war. His father died 

 when he was in his fourteenth year ; and the neighbouring princes 

 took advantage of his youth to invade his dominions. At this early 

 age lie marched in person against his enemies, but was obliged to 

 retreat, and fled for protection to Oungb, the powerful Khan of the 

 Karaites. [PBE3TEB JOHN.] Gengis Khan remained for many years 

 in the court of Oungh Khan, who gave him his daughter in marriage, 

 and advanced him to the highest dignities in his kingdom. Gengis 

 Khan at length incurred the suspicions of his patron, and orders 

 were given for his arrest. He escaped this danger, and returned to 

 his own dominions, where he defeated the troops that were sent 

 aguin-.t him, and persuaded many of the Mogul hordes that were 

 subject to Oungh Khan, to rebel against his authority. Oungh Khan 

 marched in person against them, but was entirely defeated by Gengis 

 Khan, A.H. 599 (A.D. 1202), who obtained the dominions of his father- 

 in-law in consequence of this victory. He next conquered the 

 Naimang, and compelled the most celebrated of the Mogul and Tartar 

 chiefs to submit to bis authority. Having thus united the various 

 hordes that wander over the steppes of Central Asia, he summoned 

 a great council consisting of Mogul and Tartar chiefs, in which he 

 was proclaimed Khan of the whole nation, A.U. 602 (A.D. 1205). In 

 the same assembly ho disclosed his intention of invading China and 

 Southern Asia, and pretended to have received from heaven a com- 

 mission for the conquest of the world. With this object in view, 

 he published a code of laws, and introduced stricter discipline into 

 the army, which he divided into bodies of tens, hundreds, thousands, 

 and tens of thousands; called respectively in the Mogul language 

 Dehe, Sede, lltzarc, and Toman. Before he could carry his projects 

 into effect, he was obliged to defend himself against those Mogul 

 chiefs who refused to submit to his sovereignty. These chiefs were 

 subdued in the course of five years ; and Gengis Khan was at length 

 able to commence hi) career of conquest. China first experienced the 

 devastations of the Moguls, A.H. 607 (A.D. 1210); but a temporary 

 peace waa concluded between the two countries, and the daughter of 

 the king of China was married to Gengis Khan. Three years after- 

 wards another Mogul army invaded the country, and after defeating 

 the Chinese, took the city of Peking. The northern provinces of 

 China were from this period annexed to the Mogul empire. 



The molt powerful monarch in Southern Asia at this tune was 

 Mohammed Kothbeddin, king of Carizme, whose ancestors had 

 established an independent monarchy on the decline of the power of 

 the Seljuke Sultans. He ruled over almost all the countries of 

 Southern Asia from Syria to the Indus, and bad demanded of the 

 Abbaside Kalif to be allowed to reside at Baghdad as Emir al Oman, 

 a dignity which bad formerly belonged to the Seljuke Sultans. This 

 demand was refused ; and the kalif fearing the power of Mohammed, 

 sent an ambassador to Gengis Khan to implore his assistance. Gengis 

 Khan did not immediately comply with the kalif s request; but 

 anxiously waited for some act of hostility on the part of Mohammed 

 to justify him in breaking the peace which then subsisted between 

 them. This waa soon given him by the murder of some Mogul 

 ambassadors and merchants at Otrar, a town on the Jaxartes, in the 

 dominions of Mohammed. Gengis Khan collected all his forces, and 

 with an army of 700,000 men, according to Oriental historians, 

 advanced to the Jaxartes, A.H. 615 (A.D. 1218). Near this river he 

 was met by Mohammed with an army of 100,000 men, and though 

 the issue of the battle waa doubtful, Mohammed dared not hazard a 

 second contest, but retreated to the south after placing strong 

 garrisons in all the fortified towns. The conquest of Transoxiana 

 was completed in two years, and all its cities taken, after an obstinate 

 resistance. A body of 30,000 men was sent into Khorasan to pursue 

 Mohammed, who escaped to an island in the Caspian Sea, where he 

 died shortly afterwards. 



In A.H. 618 (A.D. 1221) Gengis Khan advanced eastward and entered 

 the city of Balkb, whose inhabitants he massacred on account of the 

 assistance they had rendered to Gelal-Eddin, the son of Mohammed. 

 While he was engaged in the conquest of the neighbouring countries, 

 he sent part of his forces to subdue Khorasan, part to conquer the 

 western provinces of Persia, and au army of 80,000 men to pursue 

 Gelal-Eddin, who had Bed into the countries west of the Indies. 

 These expeditions were successful, with the exception of the last. 

 Gelal-Eddin, who appears to have been a brave and enterprising prince, 

 defeated the Moguls, but was soon afterwards conquered by Gsugis 

 Khan, who had marched in person against him. In tho two following 

 years the lieutenants of Gengis Khan conquered Azcrbijau and all 



the other provinces of the Persian empire. In A.n. 620 (A.D. 1224), 

 he again crossed the Jaxartes, and returned to his capital, Cara-Corom, 

 after an absence of seven years, during which period he had laid waste 

 the most fertile regions of Asia, plundered the cities of Carizme, 

 Herat, Balkh, Candahar, Bokhara, Samarcand, and many others of less 

 note, and destroyed, according to the calculation of Orients.1 historians, 

 five millions of human beings. His empire now extended from the 

 Volga to the Pacific, and from Siberia to the Persian Gulf; but he 

 still meditated new conquests, and iii the following year led his 

 victorious Moguls through the desert of Gobi against the King of 

 Tangut, whom he defeated and subdued. He then continued his 

 march towards the southern provinces of China, but died on the 

 borders of that country on the 10th of Ramadhan, A.H. 624 (24th of 

 August 1227), in the sixty-fourth year of his age. He was succeeded 

 by his son Octal. His two other sons had the provinces of Transoxiana 

 and Khorasau assigned to them. The Mogul princes have always 

 claimed descent from the family of Gengis Khan ; but his descendants 

 lost all real power, though they still retained the title of khan, in the 

 time of Tamerlane. [TIMUR.] 



The code of laws published by Gengis Khan is still known in Asia 

 under the title of 'Isa Gengis Khani' ('The Laws of Gengis Khan'). 

 Au interesting account of them is given by M. Langles in the fifth 

 volume of ' Notices et Extraits des Manuscrits de la Bibliotheque du 

 Roi.' 



GENLIS, STEPHANIE-FELICITE-DUCREST DE ST. AUBIN, 

 COUNTESS DE, was bora near Autun, in 1746, of a respectable but 

 not rich family. She became at an early age a proficient in music, 

 and her skill as a player introduced her to some persons of distinction, 

 in whose company she had an opportunity of studying the manners 

 and adopting the language of refined society. Her first writings 

 exhibited an elegance and fluency of diction, which attracted attention, 

 and excited the interest of the Count de Genlis, who married her. 

 She was soon after entrusted with the education of the children of 

 the Duke of Orleans, and one of her pupils, Louis Philippe, was after- 

 wards king of the French. In the course of her task, to which she 

 brought great assiduity and zeal, she wrote several works for the use 

 of her pupils, which were afterwards published, namely, ' Les Veille'es 

 du Chateau,' ' Les Annales de la Vertu,' ' Le Theatre de 1' Education,' 

 ' Adele et Theodore,' 4c. These rank among her most useful works, 

 and they have had and perhaps still have an extensive popularity. 

 After the French revolution broke out, Madame de Genlis, who had 

 been at first its partisan, was obliged to seek safety in flight ; she 

 went successively to England, Belgium, Switzerland, aud lastly to 

 Hamburg, followed everywhere by the suspicions which her avowed 

 sentiments, her connections with several leading revolutionists (among 

 others with Lord Edward Fitzgerald, who married her adopted 

 daughter, Pamela), and the slander of the royalist emigrants, raised 

 against her. At Hamburg she wrote a kind of political work styled 

 ' Les Chevaliers du Cygne,' which did not add to her reputation either 

 as an author or a moralist. She afterwards attempted a justification 

 of her own conduct and sentiments ' Precis de la Conduite de 

 Madame de Genlis.' She returned to France under the consulship of 

 Bonaparte, who had a favourable opinion of her talents, and she 

 became one of his admirers and panegyrists. After her return to 

 Paris she wrote ' De 1'IuBuence des Femmes sur la Litte'rature,' in 

 which she replied to the attacks of some of the principal literary men 

 of Paris, and Gingueuu among the rest ; and she also assailed some 

 authors of her own sex, among others, Madame Cottin. 



The pen of Madame de Genlis seemed inexhaustible. After the 

 restoration she wrote in defence of monarchy and of religion; her 

 work, ' Les Diners du Baron d'Holbach,' which is in a great measure 

 historical, and in which she exposes the weaknesses and the intrigues 

 of the so-called philosophers of the 18th century, made a great sensa- 

 tion, and roused the anger of the freethinking party in France. It is 

 a work that contains some curious information. She also wrote 

 ' Dictionuaire Critique et Raisonne' des Etiquettes de la Cour,' 2 vols. 

 8vo, 1818. When uhe was past eighty years of age she wrote her 

 memoirs. She lived to see the events of July 1830, and her former 

 pupil raised to the throne. She died on the 31st of December 1830, 

 aged eighty-four. 



Besides the works mentioned above, Madame de Genlis wrote 

 numerous novels, of which those styled ' La Duchesse de la Valliere,' 

 'Les Battuecaa et Zuma,' 'ou la Decouverte du Quinquina,' are the 

 best. Her works have been published together in 84 vols. 12mo. 



GENOVE'SI, ANTO'NIO, born near Salerno in 1712, was ordained 

 priest in 1736, and was made professor of eloquence in the clerical 

 seminary of Salerno. He afterwards repaired to Naples, where he 

 was allowed, through the influence of Monsignor Galiani, archbishop 

 of Taranto, to open a class of metaphysics in that university in 1741. 

 He there wrote his ' Elements of Metaphysics,' in Latin, which he 

 afterwards recast into two Italian works, ' Logica per i giovanetti,' 

 and 'Delle Scienze Metafisiohe,' which had great success, and are 

 still much esteemed. His ' Logica ' is perhaps the best elementary 

 book of that science in the Italian language. His ' Meditazioni 

 filosofiche sulla Religione e sulla Morale,' are replete with sound 

 judgment, though written in a defective style. In his ' Diceosina, 

 o la Filosofia dell' Onesto e del Giusto,' he proceeds on the principle 

 that " every thesis in morality is susceptible of logical demonstration." 



