QBNSERIC. 



HOE, ST. 



These ire the principal work* of Qenoveti on the moral sciences. We 

 must now oooidr him as a political economist Iu 1751, Barto- 

 lommeo Iniieri, a wealthy Florentine merchant settled at Naples, 

 fouuded a ohair 'of commerce and mechanic*,' and, with the appro- 

 bation of the king, appointed Geuovesi to Gil it Thin was the first 

 chair of political economy, taken as a distinct science, established in 

 Europe. In the course of hii professorship Qeuovesi wrote his 

 ' Lezioni di Commereio, o di Eoonomia civile,' 2 vols. 8vo. Hit book 

 is fall of sound principles, which were quite new at Naples in his 

 time, although in some instances he still adhered to the Colbert 

 school. His lectures excited a prodigious sensation among the Neapo- 

 litans; public attention was at once turned to questions of commerce, 

 art*, and agriculture ; and political economy, the very name of which 

 was hitherto unknown, became quite a fashionable study. 



When in 1767 the Jesuits were exiled from the kingdom, the 

 minister Tanuecl consulted Genovesi as to a new plan for tho organi- 

 sation of the schools and colleges of the kingdom, which he drew up 

 accordingly. Ue continued to lecture and to write, although his 

 health was greatly impaired for several years, almost to the day of his 

 death, which occurred in September 1769. A selection of Ucnovesi's 

 familiar letters was published after his death, in two small volume;. 

 He edited in his lifetime the 'Course of Agriculture' of Cosimo 

 Trinci, to which he added notes and a preliminary discourse on the 

 state of Neapolitan agriculture in his time. Galanti, one of Genovesi's 

 best disciples, wrote an ' Elogio Storico,' or biographical notice of his 

 muter, and Fabroni wrote another in Latin. Ugoni, in his ' Lettera- 

 tura Italians,' devotes a long article to Genovesi. 



GKXSKRIC, King of the Vandals, was tho bastard brother of Gon- 

 deric, whom he succeeded A.D. 429. In the same year he left Spain, 

 which had been partly conquered by the Vandals, and crossed over 

 into Africa at the solicitation of Boniface, governor of that province, 

 who had been induced, by the arts of hU rival /Etius, to rebel against 

 Valentiuian III., emperor of the West. Boniface soon repented of 

 the step he hod taken, and advanced to meet the invader. But his 

 repentance came too late. The Moors joined the standard of Geuserio, 

 and the powerful sect of the Donatists, who had been cruelly perse- 

 cuted by the Catholics, assisted him against their oppressors. Boniface 

 was defeated, and obliged to retire into Hippo Regius, where he remained 

 till he obtained a fresh supply of troops. Having ventured upon a 

 second battle, and being again defeated, he abandoned the province to 

 the barbarians, and sailed away to Italy. A peace was concluded be- 

 tween Genseric and the emperor of the West, by which all Africa, to 

 the west of Carthage, was ceded to tho Vandals. This however did 

 not long continue ; and the city of Carthage was taken by the Van- 

 dals by surprise in 439. The emperors of the West and East made 

 great preparations for the recovery of the province ; but an alliance 

 which Genseric formed with Attik, king of the Huns, effectually 

 secured him against their attempts. 



Qenseric's next object was directed to the formation of a naval 

 power; an immense number of ships was built, and his fleets ravaged 

 the shores of Sicily and Italy. Invited by the empress Kudoxia, he 

 sailed up the Tiber (455), and permitted his soldiers, for the space of 

 fourteen days, to pillage Rome. In 460 he destroyed the fleet which 

 the emperor Majorian had collected for tho invasion of Africa ; and as 

 his power increased his ravages became more extensive ; the island of 

 Sardinia was conquered, and Spain, Italy, Sicily, Greece, Egypt, and 

 Asia Minor, were plundered every year by the Vandal pirates. Leon, 

 the emperor of Constantinople, at last resolved to make a vigorous 

 effort for the recovery of Africa. A great army was assembled, and 

 the command was given to Basilicas. He lauded at Bona, and at first 

 met with considerable success, but was at length obliged to retire from 

 the province. After this victory Genseric met with no further oppo- 

 sition, but remained undisturbed master of tho sea till his death, which 

 happened in 477. He was suceeded by his son Hunneric. Geuserio 

 was an Arian, and is said to have persecuted the Catholics with great 

 cruelty. 



(Procopius, Dt Sell. Vandal ; Gibbon, Decline and Fall, c. xxxiii. 

 xxxvi.) 



GEN30NNK, ARMAND, a member of the National Convention, 

 and one of the leaders of the Girondist party, was born at Bordeaux, 

 August 10, 1758, and was practising as a lawyer in his native town 

 when the revolution broke out. Although more endowed with 

 decision and firmness of character than with eloquence, he was chosen 

 deputy to the legislative assembly in September 1791, and was one of 

 the first to attach liirns-lf to the new party of the Gironde, which 

 included Gaudet, Vtrgniaud, Isnard, and Brissot among its leaders. 

 He had better habits of business than any of these distinguished men, 

 and was consequently more frequently employed than they were on 

 the parliamentary committees, in which he obtained much influence. 

 He was the first to enunciate the atrocious maxim, "That in times of 

 revolution, suspicion alone is sufficient to warrant a conviction." It 

 waa likewise GensonniS who carried the measure which sequestrated 

 the property of the emigrants ; and in conjunction with his colleague 

 BriiMot he induced the chamber to declare war against Austria, in 

 spite of the strenuous efforts of Robespierre to prevent them. In 

 September 1792 he was elected a member of the Convention, and 

 proposed that the kin/s trial should bo referred to the Assemblies 

 I'rimaircs. His views about this time appear to havo changed con- 



siderably. He advocated a more moderate course; denounced the 

 system of domiciliary visits ; and loudly called for the punishment of 

 the September assassins. It was only in compliance with his party 

 that he voted for the king's death. In tho stru<*gle which immediately 

 followed for power between the Jacobin aud Girondist parties tho 

 Jacobins were triumphant, and Qensonno' having been arrested on ilie- 

 2nd of June 1793, with twenty-one of his colleagues, was guillotined 

 on the 31st of October in the same year. 



GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH, otherwise named ARTHUR, the 

 well-known British historian, was born in the town from which he 

 took his name, aud is supposed to have received his education at the 

 Benedictine monastery in its vicinity. Tradition still points out a 

 small apartment in the remains of that monastery which is designate- 1 

 as his study. He was made archdeacon of Honmouth, and on the 

 24th of February 1152 consecrated bUhop of St. Asaph. Robert, earl 

 of Gloucester, natural sou of Henry I., and Alexander, bishop of 

 Lincoln, were his chief patrons. 



Walter Mapes, at that time archdeacon of Oxford, a diligent inquirer 

 for his day after the works of ancient authors, is said, whilst journey- 

 ing in Armorico, to have met with a history of Britain written in the 

 British tongue, the translation of which, upon his return to England, 

 he recommended to Geoffrey of Monmouth, who undertook the task 

 and completed it with great fidelity. At first he divided it into four, 

 but afterwards into eight books, to which he added the book of 

 Merlin's ' Prophecies,' which he had also translated from British verse 

 into Latin prose. Numerous fabulous and trifling stories are inserted 

 in the history, to an extent which has induced some authors, and 

 among them Buchanan, to consider the whole as fiction ; but other*, 

 among whom are Archbishop Usher, Leland, ic., consider that parts 

 of his history are true, and that the work is not to be rejected iu the 

 gross. Welsh critics assert that Geoffrey's work was a vitiated transla- 

 tion of the ' History of the British Kings," written by Tyssilio or 

 St. Talian, bishop df St. Asaph, who lived in the 7th century, and 

 translated by the Rev. P. Roberts in 1811 ; but it is by no means 

 certain that the Welsh History, of which the manuscripts are stated to 

 be all comparatively modern, was not itself translated or compiled 

 from Geoffrey's work. The best modern writers incline to the opinion 

 that the book is in the main a fabrication, and the pretended history, 

 from which Geoffrey states that he translated his work, a myth; the 

 book being really a kind of romance, fouuded upon popular legends, 

 to which he gave cohesion by borrowing largely from Gilders and other 

 early writers. 



Several editions of Geoffrey's history are extant in Latin : the 

 earliest is in 4to, printed by Ascensius at Paris in 1508 ; reprinted iu 

 It'i. 1517. It was also printed by Comiueline at Heidelberg, in folio, 

 1587, among the ' Iterum Britaunicarum Scriptores vctustiores et 

 pracipui." A translation of it into English, by Aaron Thompson, of 

 Queen's College, Oxford, was published in London in 1718, in Svo, 

 and reprinted by Dr. Giles in 1842, and again in Bonn's 'Antiquarian 

 Library,' 1848. 



Copies of Geoffrey of Monmouth's history, in manuscript, are not 

 uufrequent iu our great libraries : several, of an ago very near his 

 time, are preserved among the manuscripts of the old Royal Library 

 in the British Museum; one formerly belonging to the library of 

 Margan Abbey is believed to be the best. Geoffrey of Moumouth died 

 about the year 1154. 



GEOFFROY, ST. HILAIRE. [ST. HILAIHE, GEOFFROY.] 



GEORGE, ST., surnamed OF CAPPADOCIA, was a native of Epi- 

 phaueia in Cilicia, and is said to have been born in a fuller's shop. 

 From this obscure and servile origin he raised himself by the talents 

 of a parasite, and the patrons whom he flattered procured for him a 

 lucrative commission or contract to supply the army with bacon. 1 1 e 

 accumulated wealth in this employment by fraud, and his depre- 

 dations on the public purse at last became so notorious, that he was 

 compelled to fly from the pursuit of justice to Alexandria, where he 

 embraced, with real or affected zeal, the profession of Arianism. Hi-rn 

 ho formed a valuable library of history, rhetoric, philosophy, and 

 theology, which the emperor Julian, after St. George's death, appro- 

 priated to himself. So great had the influence of George of Cappa- 

 docU become amongst the disciples and followers of Arius, that when 

 Athtmasina was driven from Alexandria the prevailing faction elevated 

 him to the vacant episcopal throne. Gibbon has enlarged upon the 

 avarice and tyranny of his character whilst primate of Egypt. The 

 Pagans, who had been flattered with the hopes of freedom and tolera- 

 tion, excited his avarice ; and the rich temples of Alexandria w. iv 

 either pillaged or insulted by the haughty prelate, who exclaimed in 

 a loud and threatening tone, " How long will these sepulchres bo per- 

 mitted to stand 1 " Under the reign of Constantius he was expelled 

 by the people ; and it was not without a violent struggle that tho 

 civil and military powers of the state could restore his authority. 

 The messenger who proclaimed at Alexandria the accession of Julian, 

 in 361, announced the downfal of the archbishop. George, with two 

 of his ministers, Count Diodorus, and Dracoutius, master of the mint, 

 were dragged in chains to tho public prison. At the cud of twenty- 

 four days the prison was forced open by the rage of a superstitious 

 multitude, impatient of the tedious forms of judicial proceedings 

 The archbishop and his minister were murdered by tho populace, and 

 their lifeless bodies were carried iu triumph through the streeti on the 



