

QER1 



OKKMANICU8, CAESAR. 



mcnt of a phyiio garden thrre, to encourage "the facultie of ninpling, 

 li.-n.nle himself, whom Lord Burghley call* hii serrant. to be placed 

 at tue head of it : "So that if you intend a work of mob emolument 

 to your.-oUe* and all young *tu.lenU, I shall be glad to hare nomi- 



collection of authors who have written on the subject of hi* favourite 

 1 -ir-uit, from the 3rd century to the invention of printing. These, in 

 number upward* of forty, are arranged chronologically. The work U 



natod aud furnished you with so expert an herbalitt; and yourselves, 

 will think weil of tho motion and the man." A* we read no 

 more of it, it U probable that the scheme did not take effect. 



Tho tailu>-t publication of Gerarde was the catalogue of hia own 

 garden iu Holborn : ' Catalogu* Arboruui, Frutiuum, ac Plantarum, 

 tarn iudigeuarum quam exoticarum, in horto Jobannis Gerardi, civis 

 etchirurgi 1. iidmenoi*, iiaaceutium,' impeusis J. Norton, 1596, 4to; 

 reprinted iu 4to, 1690. The first edition was dedicated to Lord 

 Burghley ; the second, after that nobleman's death, in very flattering 

 term*, to Sir Walter Raleigh. A copy of the first edition (of extreme 

 rarity) i* preserved in the library of the British Museum, where it 

 proved of grrat use to Mr. Aiton in preparing his ' Hortus KewenaU,' 

 by enabling him to ascertain the time when many old plant* were first 

 cultivated. 



In 1597 came out hi* ' Herbal, or General History of Plants,' printed 

 by John Norton, in folio. The wood-cute with which it was embel- 

 lished were procured from Frankfurt, being the same blocks which 

 had been need for the ' Kreuterbuch,' the German herbal of Taber- 

 ntemontanus, foL, Frankfurt-on-thc-Maiue, 1588. A second edition of 

 Gerarde's ' Herbal ' was published by Dr. Thomas Johnson, with 

 emendations and corrections, fol., London, 1633 ; and this work con- 

 tinued to be one of the best source* of botanical intelligence, at least 

 to the beginning of the 18th century. Gerarde died about the year 

 1607. 



GKRBERT, afterwards Pope Sylvester II., was born of poor parent* 

 at Aurillao in Auvergno. The time of his birth does not appear to be 

 known ; he died in 1003, at a very advanced age. 



When young be entered the monastery of St. Gerauld at Aurillac, 

 and in that school commenced his studies. He afterwards visited 

 Catalonia, where he learned mathematics from a Spanish bishop. 

 About 96S he made a journey to Rome, a circumstance which gave 

 him the opportunity of still further satisfying his thirst for knowledge. 

 When Otho I. conferred ou him the abbey of Bobbio, Gerbert's indus- 

 try was not diminished by bis promotion, lie employed himself 

 actively in teaching, and for several years, while he continued to reside 

 at Bobbio, his fame attracted students from all quarters. Though he 

 kept hi* abbey till hia elevation to the pontifical choir, he gave up hia 

 residence in Italy on account of the uneaay life which he led there. 

 From Italy he ia said to have gone to Germany, where he became the 

 tutor of young Otbo, afterwards the second emperor of that name, 

 l-'rom Germany he went to Rheims, and was made secretary to the 

 Archbishop of Rheims, aud master of the cathedral school. It is as a 

 teacher that Gerbert established a reputation which few men since his 

 time have acquired. Under his care the school of Rheims became 

 oue of th'j first iu Europe, aud its high character was maintained for 

 lie irly a century after his death. Among Gerbort's pupils we find the 

 names of N ithard and Reini. In 992 Gerbert was promoted to the 

 archbishopric of Rheims, from which however he was deposed a few 

 years after his elevation. In 998 be received the archbishopric of 

 Ravenna from the emperor Otho III. ; and in 999 he was elected to 

 the pontifical chair, which he filled for nearly five years, under the 

 name of Sylvester II. 



There is no doubt that Gerbert was a man of great ability and of 

 very extensive acquirements for his age. He was also a moat volu- 

 minous writer. The Benedictines of St. Maur (' Histoire Littcraire 

 de la France,' torn, vi., 577, Ac.) have devoted many pages to the con- 

 sideration of his writings ; but they have shown no great discrimi- 

 nation in their criticism. Geometry aud astronomy were Gerbert's 

 favourite pursuits ; there is (or was) extant a manuscript treatise of 

 hi* on sun-dials, and he also wrote on the astrolabe. He is said to 

 have been acquainted with the Greek language. His letters, printed 

 by 1m Cliesne, 1C3U, at the end of the second volume of his 'Historians 

 of France,' throw some light on the ecclesiastical intrigues and political 

 events of the time. 



GEKI1KRT, MARTIN, Prince Abbot of St-Blaise, near Friebur,?, 

 a learned and laborious writer ou music, was born at Hoi 

 Nocker, iu 1722. Attached from hia youth to church-music, he culti- 

 vated it assiduously, and having determined to write a history of it, 

 he travelled during three years in France, Italy, aud Germany, for the 

 purpose of collecting materials in aid of his work, which was published 

 iu two quarto volumes, in 1774, and entitled 'DeCautu et Musica 

 Sacra, a prima Ecclesuc ^Etate usque ad prtesen* Tcmpus.' He divides 

 his history into three parts : the first finishes with the pontificate o 

 regory; the second reaches the 15th century; and the thirc 

 come* down to nearly the date of his own volumes. Though Gerbert 

 directed hi* attention almost wholly to the music of the Roman 

 Catholic Church, that i*, to the Mass, he notices that of the Protestant 

 establishment*, and mention* iu favourable terms Dr. Boyce's col 

 lection ; but being one of those who disapprove the use of fugue, an< 

 all such laboured composition*, in ecclesiastical music, he censure* the 

 style while be admits the genius aud skill of the English composer 

 for the church. Uerbert published in 1784 another work, of oqua 

 importance with the former, in two volume*, under the title o 

 'Sen; im,' &c., which is 



extremely rare, but M. Forkel has given a useful analysis of it iu his 

 ' History of Husio.' Gerbert died iu 1792. 



QEBBIEB D'oUVIl.l.Y, SIR BAKTHASAR, a miniature painter 

 and architect, was born at Antwerp about 1591. He came young to 

 England, and was a retainer of the Duke of Buckingham's as early as 

 1613. He accompanied the duke to Spain, aud painted a miniature- of 

 the Infanta for James I. ; he was also employed in the treaty of 

 marriage between Prince Charles and the lufanta Maria, though 

 acting ostensibly only as a painter. He was employed also in Handera 

 after the accession of Charles I. to negooiate a private treaty with 

 pain, the same treaty in which Rubens was commissioned on thu 

 art of the Infanta, aud about which he came to England. In 1628 

 ie was knighted by Charles at Hampton Court : he was naturalised 

 n 1641, and died in 16C7 nt Hempetod Marshall, the seat of Lord 

 Jraven, which was built by Gerbier himself. 



Gerbier was the author of several curious works, which are noticed 

 considerable length by \Valpolc. One, entitled ' Lea Effcts pernicieux 

 e* meschanU Favoris,' Ac., he terms in his off-hand way " an igno- 

 rant, servile rhapsody, containing little argument, many lies, and some 

 urious facts, if tha author is to be believed." No. 3384 of the 

 iarleiau manuscripts U entitled " Sir Balthasar Gerbier, his admo- 

 litious aud disputes with his three daughters, retired into the English 

 unnery at Paris, 1646.' One of these daughters was maid of honour 

 o the Princess Cond<5, and passed for her mUtress when the princes* 

 made her escape from Chautilly, when the prince was imprisoned by 

 ilazarin. There is a portrait of one of Gerbier's daughters, as a 

 ittle girl, by Rubens, in the collection of Lord Spencer : there are 

 also two pictures of Gerbier'* family attributed to Vaudyck ; one 

 xilouging, iu Walpole's time, to the Prince of Wales, the other to 

 Jr. Sampson Gideon. Gerbier's portrait in one piece with Pobson 

 ho painter and Sir Charles Cotterel, painted by Dobson, is in 

 Northumberland House ; there is or was also in the same collection a 

 liniature of the Duke of Buckingham on horseback, dated 1618, by 

 Gerbier himself. In the Pepy Library at Cambridge there is a mis- 

 cellaneous collection of robes, &c., emblazoned aud illuminated by 

 ierbier. Gerbier appears to have been a courtier, aud to have had a 

 ively care for his own interests; and very much of a charlatan though 

 a clever one. He kept in Charles's favour after the death of Bucking- 

 tarn, and ho was in favour also with Charles II. : he returned with 

 iim to England aud designed the triumphal arches which were 

 erected for hia reception. He was master of the ceremonies to 

 Charles I., and in 1G28 entertained him and the queen at his own 

 louse, at a supper, which must have cost at le.ist 1UOOI., says n cou- 

 Kfiiiporary. Gerbier states in one of his works that Charles had 

 promised him the office of surveyor-general of works, after the death 

 of Inigo Jones. From advertisements in the ' Parliamentary Intel- 

 ligence,' he appears to have given lectures iu several languages at hia 

 academy iu Whitofriars ou a great variety of subjects, with an cntur- 

 taiuuiuut of music iu 1649-50. 



(Walpole, Anccdotet of Painting, etc.) 



GERMA'NIOUS, C^SSAR, the eldest son of Drusus Nero Ger- 

 manicua and of Antonia the younger, the nephew of Tiberius, and 

 brother of Claudius, afterwards emperor, was bora in the year it.c. 1 I. 

 Augustus on adopting Tiberius made the latter adopt his nephew 

 Germauicus. At the age of twenty Qermanicus served with distinc- 

 tion in Dalmatia, aud afterwards in Puunouia, and on his return 

 obtained a triumph. He married Agrippiua the elder, grand-daughter 

 of Augustus, by whom he had iiiue children ; among others Caius 

 Caligula, and Agrippiua the younger, mother of Nero. In A.D. 12 

 Germanicus was made consul, and soon after he was Bent by Augustus 

 to command the legions on the Rhine. On the news of the death of 

 Augustus some of the legions ou the lower Rhimi mutinied, while 

 Germanicus was absent collecting the revenue in Gaul ; he hastened 

 back to the camp, and found it a scene of tumult aud confusion. The 

 young soldiers demanded an increase of pay, the veterans their dis- 

 charge. They had already driven the centurions out of the camp. Some 

 offered their assistance to raise Germauicus to the supreme power, 

 but he rejected their otters with horror, and left his judgment-seat 

 heedless of the clamours aud threats of the mutineers. Having 

 retired with a few friends to his tout, after some consultation ou the 

 danger to tho empire, if the hostile Germans should take advantage 

 of the confusion caused by this sedition of the troops, hi: 

 upon exhibiting to tuo soldiers fictitious letters of Tiberius, which 

 granted most of their demands, and the better to appease them he 

 disbursed to them immediately a considerable sum by way of bounty. 

 He found still greater difficulty in quelling a second mutiny, which 

 broke out on the arrival of the legates from the senate, who brought 

 to Germauicus bis promotion to the rank of Proconsul. The soldiers 

 suspecting that they came with orders for their punishment, the 

 camp became again a scene of confusion. Germauicus ordered his 

 wife Agrippiua, with her son Caius Caligula, attended by other officers' 

 wives and children, to leave the camp, as being tio longer a place of 

 safety for them. This sight affected and mortified the soldiers, who 

 begged their commander to revoke the order, to punish the guilty, and 

 to march agaiust the enemy. They then began to indict summary 



