OINGUENft, PIERRE-LOUIS. 



GIOBERTI, VIKCENZO. 



108 



out* prt of England, and, generally, the principle* of beauty in 

 laivrUospe, The Ant of the** work* was published in 1790, in two 

 volume*. 8Te; it WM entitled ' Observation* relative chiefly to 1'i- tu- 

 nsqne Beauty, mad* in the year 1776. in s*vral part* of Great 

 Britain, particularly the Highland! of Scotland.' Thi* wai followed 

 by two other volume* of the urn* character, the greater part of them 

 relating to the lake country of Cumberland an<! Westmoreland. Two 

 volume* more, on ' Forest Scenery,' succeeded. Beaidei theie, th r.- 

 are bit ' Eway* on Picturesque Beauty ; ' ' Picturesque Travels and the 

 An of Sketching Landscapes;' ' Observation* on the River Wye;' 

 'Picturesque Remarks on the Western parts of England,' and an 

 'Eway on Prints.' These form a body of works which were well 

 received by the public at the times of their appearance, and which are 

 now gathered into the libraries of the tasteful and the curious. 

 Some ' Observation* on the Coa*U of Hampshire, Sussex, and Kent,' 

 were published after hi* decease. 



For the principal part of this article we bare been indebted to a 

 memoir on his life, with extracts from hi* correspondence, inserted in 

 a periodical work published at Bath, and uititled ' The Omnium 

 Gatherum.' The writer is understood to 4)e the Rev. Richard Warner, 

 who was sometime curate to Mr. Gilpin. 



GINGUEN&, PIERRE LOUIS, born at Renne* in Brittany, in 

 174% early applied himself to the study of literature and of foreign 

 languages. Having removed to Paris he nm<ie himself known by 

 several works, especially by bis poem on the death of the young 

 Prince Leopold of Brunswick, who was drowned in the Oder whilst 

 trying to save some poor people who were in danger of perishing in 

 the flood. In his ' Lettrea sur les Confessions de J. J. Rousseau,' he 

 undertook to defend the memory of that highly-gifted but wayward 

 man. When the Revolution broke out, Giuguend embraced its cause, 

 but did not advocate it* excess?*; be wrote in several journal* of the 

 time, and edited the ' Decade Philosophique Littoraire et Politiquc,' 

 from 1794 to 1807. On being made a member of the Institute, he 

 was placed at the head of the department of public instruction. He 

 was afterwards sent by the Directory in 179S as ambassador to the 

 king of Sardinia, where he had a most difficult task to perform, that 

 of reconciling his conscience, naturally honest and candid, with the 

 crooked and ungenerous policy of hi* master* towards a forced ally, 

 whom they tried to vex and insult in every possible manner, with 

 the view of seizing a favourable opportunity to dethrone him. Dotta, 

 who knew and esteemed Gingueud, gives in his ' History of Italy ' a 

 full account of the disgraceful and calamitous scenes that took place 

 in Piedmont at the time. Ginguend seems to have felt the unplea- 

 santness of hi* position, for after seven months he resigned his 

 embassy and returned to Paris, where he bad a seat in the legislative 

 body. After Bonaparte became first consul in 1799, Ginguene wan 

 chosen member of the tribunate, but owing to hi* opposition to the 

 encroachments of the executive he was one of those who were ejected 

 by a Senatus Consultum in 1802. He withdrew into private life, and 

 applied himself chiefly to the composition of a work which he made 

 the business of the remainder of his life the ' Histoire Littdraire 

 d'ltalie,' U vole. Svo, 1811-19. 



He had always been very partial to Italian literature, and perceiving 

 that his countrymen had no accurate notion of its riches, and had 

 imbibed several vulgar prejudices against it, he undertook the arduous 

 task of classing the numerous productions of Italy under each 

 respective department of literature and according to the order of 

 time, thus presenting the reader with so many sketches of the intel- 

 lectual state of Italy in each century. His history begins, properly 

 speaking, with the 13th century, when the first lays of the Italian 

 muse began to be heard. In the first three volumes he follows the 

 progress of literature through the 13th, llth, and 15th centuries, 

 after which he devotes six more volumes to the 16th century, the 

 Augustan age of modern Italy. He died at Paris, in November 1816, 

 without completing his work, which has since been continued by Salfi 

 to the close of the 17th century. It is an important and useful work, 

 and in some respects preferable, because more critical and more freely 

 written, to Tiraboschi'a more ample and classical work, ' Storia delta 

 Letteratura Italian*,' from which Gingueud borrowed largely. Gin- 

 gueae write* impartially, and as accurately as could be expected from 

 a foreigner who had not lived in Italy, except during the seven stormy 

 month* which he spent at Turin, merely on the threshhold of that 

 country. Hi* minuteness i* sometimes fatiguing, and his style rather 

 tame for the subject. The Italians have felt grateful to him for the 

 honour which he ha* done to their great men, but have observed that 

 he baa been lavish of praise to many writers who are utterly forgotten 

 in their own country. (Ugoui, Preface to the 'Storia della Letteratura 

 Italiana.') 



Ginguend wrote also many articles for the 'Biographic Universelle,' 

 and was a contributor to the ' Hutoire Littdraird de France,' and 

 other compilation*. Salfi give* at tbe end of the first volume of his 

 continuation, which is numbered the tenth of the ' Histoire Littdraire 

 d'ltalie,' an ' Eloge ' of Ginguend. 



KKLL. GODART UK, FIRST KARL OF ATHLONE, was a 

 native of Holland, and the head of a family of great antiquity among 

 tbe nobility of that country, wbero he bora the titles of Huron de 

 Keedr, de Ginki 11, Ac., and was a general of cavalry. He came to 

 England with the Prince of Orange, at the time of tbe revolution of 



1688. When two Scotch regiment*, in tbe beginning of Mnrch 16S9, 

 declared for King James, and marched from Abingdon, where they 

 were quartered, for Scotland, General Ginkcll was sent after them 

 with a body of horse, and xm overtook and reduced them. In 1 690 

 be accompanied King William to Ireland, and commanded a party of 

 Dutch borae at the battle of tbe Boyne (July 1st). Win u the king 

 returned to England, th" conduct of the war was left, in the hau<)s of 

 Giukt-11 ; and he succeeded in effecting the reduction of the country 

 before the end of the following year. The town of Baltimore surren- 

 dered to him on the 7th of June 1691 ; Athlone was taken by storm 

 on the Istof July; on the l.'li of the same month he gain 

 battle of Aughrim ; and on the 3rd of October an end was put to tbe 

 war by the surrender of Limerick. On the 3rd of November Giukell 

 returned to Dublin, and was banqueted by the corporation ; ! 

 came over to England, where, on the 4th of January lo'.ij, the 

 Commons ordered seven of their members to attend him with th 

 thank* of the House, and on the 20th of February be wa mode a 

 peer of Ireland, with the titles of Earl of Athlono and Baron of 

 Aughrim. The next week he was entertained at Merchant Taylors' 

 Hall by the lord mayor and corporation of London. Tbe folio A ing 

 year the king, after the House of Commons had sent up an address 

 requesting that a recompense might be given to him suitable tu his 

 service*, made him a grant of tbe forfeited estate* of tbe Karl 'of 

 Limerick, amounting to 26,480 acres, which was confirmed by an act 

 of the Irish parliament passed on the 7th of December 1695 ; but in 

 1699 an English act was passed appointing a commission t > inquire 

 into the considerations upon which this and other similar grants had 

 been mode in Ireland ; in tbe next session by another act all the lands 

 so granted were vested in trustees authorised to hear and determine 

 upou all claims relating to them ; and one of the acts of this board 

 appears to have been the resumption or invalidation of the 

 made to tbe Earl of Athlone. It is said that thereupon the 

 retired to Holland; the Earl of Athlono however continued his mili- 

 tary services to the end of the reign of King William. He sbartd iu 

 William's defeat at Laudcn on the 29th of July 1633; and he com- 

 manded the Dutch horse in Flandera iu 1695 and 1690. He also com- 

 manded the Dutch forces serving under Marlborough in the war with 

 Franco which broke out in 1702, after the accession of Queen 

 But this post be did not hold long, his death having taken place on 

 tbe 10th of February 1703. The Peerages state that the first earl of 

 Athlone married Ursula-Philipota de Kaasfeldt, and had by her two 

 sons, of whom the eldest succeeded to the title. It afterwards how- 

 ever fell to the son of the second, who succeeded as the fifth carl in 

 1747 ; and his descendants inherited the title till the death uf the 

 ninth earl, without issue, in 1S44, when it became extinct. It is 

 remarkable that, with the exception of the first earl, if he ever took 

 his seat, no earl of Athloue sat in the Irish parliament for more than 

 a century after the creation of the peerage. The family continued to 

 reside in Holland ; but Frederick Christian Kenaud, the sixth earl, 

 came over here on the French invasion of that country in 1 795, and took 

 his seat in the Irish House of Lords on the 10th of March in that year. 



QIOBERTI, VIN'CENZO, was born on the 5th of April 1801, in 

 the city of Torino (Turin), the capital of the kingdom of Sardinia. 

 He studied with a view to the ecclesiastical profession, and having 

 completed his education in the University of Turin, received the 

 degree of Doctor of Theology, and became one of the teachers in the 

 theological college. Soon after the accession in 1831 of Charles- 

 Albert to the throne of Sardinia, Gioberti was appointed chaplain to 

 the court, and continued to perform tbe duties of this office till 1833, 

 when, on some accusation or suspicion of being implicated iu the 

 political agitations then prevailing in various parU of Italy, he was 

 suddenly seized in the apartments which he occupied iu the palace, 

 and imprisoned in tbe citadel. There he was detained some weeks, 

 but was at length set at liberty on the condition that he quitte 1 tin- 

 country as an exile. He went to Paris, where he resided till the end 

 of 1834, when he removed to Brussels, having accepted tbe offer of a 

 situation as teacher iu one of tbe public schools of that city. 



Gioberti wrote at Brussels, during his long abode there as an exile, 

 nearly all those works which not only extended his literary reputation 

 throughout the whole of Europe, but produced that enthusiasm of 

 admiration which was displayed by the Italians after bis return to his 

 native country. The first of these works was the ' Teorica del 

 Sovrauaturale, osia Discorso sulle Convenienze della It- ligiune Rivelata 

 colla Meute Umaua e col Progreseo Civile della Na/.ioni,' Svo, 

 His next work was the ' Introduzione allo Studio della Filosofia,' Svo, 

 1840, which was followed by the ' Lettere intorno agli Errori Filosofici 

 dt Antonio Rosmiui,' 3 vols. Svo, 1841-42 ; and the two treaties 'Del 

 Belli),' Svo, 1M1, and ' J)el Buono,' Svo, 1843. His 'Primate Morale 

 e Civile degli Italian!,' Svo, 1843, was read with eagerness in every 

 part of Italy, and excited expectations of the regeneration of that 

 unfortunate country which, with the solo exception of the Sardinian 

 kingdom, have not hitherto been realised. There was to be a confede- 

 ration of tbe Italian states, iu which the kings and princes, the pope 

 and the priests, the citizens, and even the monks and Jesuit*, were all 

 to bear a part. Tho states were to be reformed, and popular rights 

 and privileges gradually uatabliahed. The pope was to be the religious 

 bead of the confederation, aud Rome tha capital city ; the King of 

 Sardinia was t > be the military chief, and Turin the grand citadel. 



