117 



GLADSTONE, WILLIAM EWART, M.P. 



GLAREANUS, HENRICUS LORITUS. 



113 



December 1832, through the influence of the late Duke of Newcastle, 

 just at the time when the struggle of parties was past its height. His 

 mercantile origin, the success of his university career, and his habits 

 of business, in which he strongly resembled the late Sir Robert Peel, 

 all joined to recommend him to the notice of that statesman, who, on 

 taking office in December 1834, appointed Mr. Gladstone a Lord of the 

 Treasury; and in February 1835, under-secretary for colonial affairs. 

 Mr. Gladstone retired from office together with his leader in the 

 following April, and remained in opposition till Sir Robert Peel's 

 return to power in Sept. 1841, when he was sworn a member of the privy 

 council, and appointed vice-president of the Board of Trade, and 

 Master of the Mint. In this position it was his duty to explain and 

 defend in parliament the commercial policy of the government, iu 

 which his mercantile origin and connection proved of great service. 

 The revision of the British tariff in 1842 was almost entirely his work. 

 When brought before the House of Commons this laborious work was 

 found to be as admirably executed in its details as it was complete in 

 its mastery of principles ; and it received the sanction of both houses 

 with scarcely an alteration. la May 1843 he succeeded Lord Ripon as 

 president of the Board of Trade, but resigned office early in 1845. 

 In January 1846 Sir Robert Peel announced his intention of proposing 

 a modification of the existing corn-laws. Mr. Gladstone, who had 

 recently succeeded Lord Stanley in the post of Secretary of State for 

 the Colonies, adhered to his leader, but, being unwilling to remain 

 under obligations to the Duke of Newcastle, he resigned his seat for 

 Newark, and remained out of parliament for several months. At the 

 general election of 1847 however, he was chosen as representative of 

 the University of Oxford. Iu this parliament the questions of univer- 

 sity reform and the repeal of the last remaining Jewish disabilities 

 were frequently agitated. Mr. Gladstone consequently found himself 

 frequently opposed to his own friends, and finally separated himself 

 from the rest of the Conservative party by refusing to take office under 

 the Earl of Derby in February 1852. In the July of that year he was 

 again returned for the University of Oxford, and in the following 

 November it was mainly in consequence of his able speech upon Mr. 

 Di-raeli's budget that the Derby ministry were thrown out of office. 

 On the accession of Lord Aberdeen to power, Mr. Gladstone was 

 appointed to the Chancellorship of the Exchequer, in which office 

 the thorough knowledge of finance which he had acquired in early life 

 proved again of the greatest assistance. 



On t'ue breaking-tip of the Aberdeen ministry, or rather on its recon- 

 struction under Lord Palmeraton, Mr. Gladstone continued to hold the 

 same post, but resigned it in the course of a few days on finding that 

 Mr. Roebuck intended to persevere in his resolution for the appoint- 

 ment of the Committee of Inquiry into the State of the British Army 

 before SebastopoL Since then Mr. Gladstone has held no public office 

 up to the present time (September 1856), but has contented himself 

 with lending to Lord Palmeraton's ministry an independent support on 

 matters in which he could approve of their general policy. Though at 

 first he was opposed to the idea of any university reform effected by the 

 stute, yet recently he has lent to the government very valuable assist- 

 ance ia supporting the suggestions of the university commissioners 

 by his personal and official influence with the authorities of Oxford as 

 member for that university. 



In his private capacity Mr. Gladstone has always been highly 

 esteemed, and his name is not unknown to fame as an author. His 

 treatise, entitled ' The State Considered in its Relations with the 

 Church,' published in 1S40, and his 'Church Principles Considered in 

 their Results,' in 1841, each in one voL Svo, stamped him, while still 

 a young man, as a deep and original thinker. His views, we need 

 hardly say, as unfolded in those books, had been formed by the e luca- 

 tion and associations of Oxford, to which university they are dedicated. 

 They were thought worthy of discussion at the time by Mr. Macaulay 

 in the pages of the ' Edinburgh Review.' In the fifteen years which 

 have elapsed since he published those works, bis religious views have 

 however undergone a considerable modification ; and they are now far 

 less theoretic, and more in harmony with the existing condition of 

 things both in church and state. 



His ' Remarks on Recent Commercial Legislation,' published in 1845, 

 gave an able and elaborate detail of the beneficial working of the tariff 

 of 1842, and were intended to pave the way for the great modification 

 of the then existing system of commercial restriction, which was carried 

 into effect in the following year. In 1851 Mr. Gladstone gave to the 

 world a work which created considerable interest both in England and 

 upon the continent. In 1850, daring a sojourn at Naples, he found 

 a very large number of Neapolitans, who had constituted the oppo- 



,A f'U_mV*ni. nf TluT.nfiAB uii'tiai. lmnmar\naft rtf* AYllart tlV 



From his first entrance into the House of Commons, Mr. Gladitone's 

 reputation has always stood high as a Parliamentary orator. His voice 

 is clear and musical, his command of language perfect, his expression 

 ready and Suent ; and there is a stateliuess and finish in the flow of 

 his periods, which is seldom met with iu the present day. Whatever 

 question is before him, he is sure to take it out of the beaten path, 

 cf debate, to present it in some new and unexpected light, and to 

 invest it with classic and historical allusions. 



In 1839 he married Catharine, daughter of the late and sister of the 

 present Sir Stephen Richard Glynne, Bart., of Hawardan Castle, by 

 whom he has a youthful family. 



GLANVILE, RANULF DE, was chief justiciary of England in the 

 reign of Henry II. ; he accompanied Richard I. in the Crusade, and 

 fell at the siege of Acre in 1190. He is supposed to bo the author of 

 one of the most ancient treatises on the laws and customs of the realm 

 of England. The work ranks with those of Britton, Bracton, and 

 Fleta, the ancient text-writers of the law, and is believed to be more 

 ancient than them. Though generally ascribed to him, the titles to 

 some of the best manuscripts only sot forth that it was written in his 

 time. Earlier than his time it cannot be, for among the exemplifica- 

 tions of law processes are some which took place in court before this 

 Ranulf. 



The study of this writer is necessary to those who would obtain a 

 critical knowledge of the state of the English constitution in the first 

 century after the conquest, before the constitution underwent the 

 modification which the granting of the Great Charter by King John 

 occasioned ; and the facilities for studying it are much increased by 

 the publication in 1812 of a translation by J. Beames, Esq. There is 

 room for an edition of the original, improved by the collation of the 

 best manuscripts which exist of it, one of which is to be found iu the 

 library of the Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn. 



GLANVILL, JOSEPH, was born at Plymouth in 1636. He was 

 educated at Exeter College, Oxford, and graduated B.A. iu October, 

 1655. The following year he removed to Lincoln College, took his 

 M.A. degree in June, 1658 ; assumed without ordination it is said the 

 priestly office, and became chaplain to Rouse, the Cromwellian Provost 

 of Eton. In 1661 he published iu a small Svo. volume his ' Vanity of 

 Dogmatising,' which, when revised and extended, appeared in 1665 iu 

 a 4 to volume, under the title of 'Scepsis Scientifica; or Confessed 

 Ignorance the way to Science.' This work he dedicated to the newly 

 founded Royal Society, who, on th<3 presentation of a copy of it, elected 

 Glanvill a fellow. The work is directed against admitting as esta- 

 blished any mere opinions iu science, iu other words, against the 

 Aristotelian philosophy, and in defence of what was termed the ' new,' 

 or experimental and inductive methoil. It is a very striking produc- 

 tion both in matter and style, an 1 full of original and independent 

 thought. As Hallaui says of it in his ' History of Literature,' " few 

 books are more deserving of being reprinted." 



Soon after the restoration of Charles It., Glanvill obtained the 

 rectory of Wimbush, iu Essex, and in 1662 he was presented to that 

 of Frame Selwood, in Somersetshire. In this year he published his 

 'Lux Oriontalis,' in which he treats of the pre-existence of souU; 

 adopting as the basis of his reasoning the views of Henry More. In 

 1666 he published ' Considerations, touching the being of Witches and 

 Witchcraft,' as a supplement to which he prepare I a collection of 

 cases in support of his belief, entitled, ' Sadducismus Triumphans,' 

 which, after Glanvill'a death, was edited by Henry More of whom 

 Glanvill was an earnest disciple. In 1660 he was presented to the 

 rectory of the Abbey church, Bath. Tho following ye:u' ho published 

 his ' Defence of the Royal Society,' and in 1K6A he foil iwod thU by a 

 further and more complete defence, eutitled, 'Plus Ultra, or, the 

 Progress and Advancement of Knowledge since the days of Aristotle.' 

 In 1667 he entered upon a controversy with Mr. Robert Crosse, vicar 

 of Great Chew, and Dr. Henry Stubbe, physician, at Warwick, which 

 led to several very angry pamphlets, Glanvill was very eminent as a 

 preacher, and was frequently called upon to preach on public occasions. 

 In 1678, he published an ' Essay on Preaching,' to which he added ' A 

 Seasonable Defence of Preaching, and the plain way of it.' The same year 

 he received from the king, who had already appointed him to be one 

 of hi* chaplains in ordinary, a prebendal stall in Worcester Cathedral; 

 and he exchanged the rectory of Frome for that of Street. He died 

 Nov. 4, 1680. Besides the works already mentioned, Glanvill pub- 

 lished ' Essays on several Important Subjects in Philosophy and 

 Religion,' and several single sermons. After his death a volume of his 

 'Discourses, Sermons, and Remains ' appeared, edited by Dr. Henry 



lition in the Chamber of Deputies, either imprisoned or exiled by 

 King Ferdinand, and also discovered that from 20,000 to 30,000 other 

 Neapolitan subjecta had been thrown into prison on the charge of 

 political disaffection. Mr. Gladstone having ascertained the truth of 

 the faeta, wrote a letter to the Earl of Aberdeen, urging his inter- 

 position on their behalf; and on Lord Aberdeen's remonstrances 

 proving ineffectual, he published an indignant letter on the Neapolitan 

 victims, which wan translated into several languages, and transmitted 

 by Lord Palmenton to all oar ambassadors on the Continent, to be 

 forwarded by them to their respective courts. The result was that 

 ome relaxation of their sentence was granted to the unhappy inmates 

 of th Neapolitan prison*. 



Horneck, who wrote a warm eulogy upon him, both as a man and an 

 author. 



GLAREA'NUS, HENRI'CUS LORITUS, a most learned writer on 

 music, was born at Glaris in Switzerland, in 1488. He studied under 

 Erasmus, with whom he lived in the strictest intimacy; and his 

 master for music was Johannes Cochlacus, author of ' Tetrachordum 

 Musicse," a work in quarto, which went through many editions. Glarea- 

 nus was a man of profound erudition, and remarkable for his general 

 knowledge. The emperor Maximilian I. bestowed on him the laurel 

 crown, as a proof of his admiration of his poetry. His work, entitled 

 ' Dodeoachordon,' in 1 vol. folio, 1547, now exceedingly rare, is im- 

 portant, inasmuch as it makes us thoroughly acquainted with the 

 state of music iu the 16th century. He was a zealous advocate for 



