GLASS, JOHN. 



GLENDWR, OWKX. 



the ancient modes, in each of which, as he views them, be give* several 

 compositions for man; voices, chosen from the moit esteemed works 

 of the best matter* of hii time. These compositions will interest the 

 practical musician more than the Author's dissertations ; though the 

 latter oan never be slighted by the musical historian, or by those who 

 wish to penetrate deeply into what are uow become the antiquities of 

 the art. 



CL.VSS, JOHN*, founder of the sect of Olassites in Scotland, was 

 bom on the 21t of September 1695, at Auchtermuchty, a pmriih in 

 the county of Fife, of which his father was clergyman. He studied 

 at St. Andrews and Edinburgh, and in 1710 was ordained minister of 

 the parish of Tcaliog near Dundee. He became a popular preacher, 

 and his sermon*, extending to two or three hours in length, were 

 attended by crowds of people from distant parts of the. country. He 

 exhibited his disposition to differ from the other members of the 

 Church of Scotland, by attacking the principles of the Solemn League 

 and Covenant, and other public declarations intimately connected 

 with the growth of the Presbyterian polity. He was deposed by the 

 church courts on the 12th of April 1728. His position being recon- 

 sidered by the General Assembly of 1739, it would appear that they 

 decided that he was entitled to retain his status as an ecclesiastical 

 person, but not to hold a benefice, as he refused to comply with the 

 necessary tests. He had in tho mean time removed to Duudee, where 

 a few hearers gathered round him, and, gradually accumulating, formed 

 a considerable sect. It is not easy from any known announcement of 

 them to discover their tenets ; they have a mystical appearance, and 

 relate to a spiritual union which binds the members into one body as 

 a church, without its being represented by an outward ecclesiastical 

 polity. The Glassites are generally respectable people, and their 

 founder lived an unspotted life. He died in 1773. 



GLAUBER, JOHN (called POLIDORK), born at Utrecht in 1646, 

 studied painting under Nicholas Berghem, under whom he made a 

 very rapid progress. Besides the fine works of his celebrated master, 

 lie bad the advantage of seeing many works of the great Italian land- 

 scape painters at the house of a picture-dealer named Vjlenburg, with 

 whom he spent some years, studying and copying from the best works 

 of the Italian painters. He then resolved to go to Rome, stopped a 

 year at Paris with Picart, a flower-painter, and two years at Lyon with 

 Adrian Van der Cabel, and would have remained longer had he not 

 been tempted to join the crowds jjoing to the Jubilee at Rome. He 

 stayed two years in that city, and as long at Venice, neglecting no 

 opportunity of improvement. On his return home he settled at 

 Amsterdam, and formed an intimate friendship with G. Lairesse, who 

 often enriched bis landscapes with elegant figures. Glauber is one of 

 Ihe ablest Flemish landscape painters, but wanting in originality. His 

 taste and manner were Italian : most of hia scenes are from the en- 

 virons of Rome, and sometimes from the Alps. Many of his works 

 nre in the style of G. Pousain. He died in 1726, aged eighty. 



GLAUBEIt, JOHN RUDOLF. This extraordinary man and labo- 

 rious chemist was born in Germany towards the close of the 16th 

 century. His works were published at Amsterdam, and iu 1689 they 

 were translated into English by Mr. Christopher Packe, in one large 

 folio volume. Although an alchemist and a believer in the universal 

 medicine, he endeavoured to improve chemical processes and the arts 

 to which they are applied. One of his most important discoveries is 

 that of the salt which yet bears his name, and he greatly improved 

 the processes for obtaining nitric and muriatic acids. In his works 

 there is also a representation, though certainly a rough one, of the 

 apparatus now known by the name of Woulfe's apparatus, used, as is 

 well known, for the condensation of gaseous products arising in distil- 

 lation. The production of vinegar of wood, afterwards called pyro- 

 ligneous acid, now so largely employed in the manufacture of acetic 

 acid, and various acetates used in the arts ; the distillation of am- 

 monia from bones, and its conversion into sal-ammoniac by the addition 

 of muriatic aeid ; the preparation of sulphate of ammonia, and its 

 conversion into muriate by the agency of common salt ; the production 

 of sulphate of copper by acting upon green rust of copper with sul- 

 phuric acid, are among the more important of his numerous discoveries. 

 The directions which he has given for the preparation of what he called 

 bis ' sal mirabile,' Glauber's salt, or sulphate of soda, arc in general 

 sufficiently correct, and its properties are stated with considerable 

 minuteness and accuracy. He died at Amsterdam in 1668. 



Glauber did much in improving and inventing chemical apparatus, 

 some of which are described and depicted in his works. His works 

 hardly repay a minute perusal, yet they confcuo much which excites 

 admiration for a man who, in so early a period of chemical research, 

 so greatly contribute 1 to its advancement. 



GLE10, KEV. GEOKGE ROBERT, is a eon of the late Bishop 

 Gleig of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Scotland, and was born 

 in 1795. He received his early education at Glasgow, and at Balliol 

 College, Oxford ; but instead of proceeding with his university studies, 

 1.0 joined a regiment on its way to Spain in 1813, as a volunteer. 

 Obtaining a commission in the 85th Foot, ho went through one or 

 two campaigns in the Peninsula, which he faithfully described in an 

 amusing style in bis novel called the 'Subaltern.' After the end of 

 the war in Spain, he served in America, and was present at the capture 

 of Washington. Retiring from the army on half-pay, he resumed his 

 studies where they had been broken off, took bis degree at Oxford, 



and was ordained. In 1822 the Archbishop of Canterbury (Manners- 

 Sutton) prwented him with a small liviug in Kent, and about twenty 

 years later he was appointed to the chaplaincy of Chelsea Hospit it 

 In 1846 he was gazetted Chaplain-General to the Forces. In this 

 capacity his active mind soon found a field for exertion, and he drew 

 out a scheme for the education of soldiers. This was eventually 

 approved at head quarters, and he was appointed Inspector-General of 

 Military Schools. Mr. Gleig has been a voluminous writer of novels 

 and popular histories, or historiettes ; of the former his 'Chelsea 

 Pensioners,' ' Country Curate, 1 the ' Huwar,' and the ' Subaltern ' are 

 most popular ; among the latter we may mention his 'Family History 

 of England,' his ' Military History of Great Britain,' ' Campaign of 

 New Orleans,' and 'Story of tha Battle of Waterloo,' reprinted in 

 Murray's Home and Colonial Library ; and his ' Account of tlie 

 Leipsic Campaign,' reprinted in Messrs. Longman's Traveller's 

 Library; also his Lives of lx>rd Clive and Sir Thomas Muuro. 



GLENDWR, OWKN, was born in Merionethshire about 1349. 

 He was maternally descended from Llewelyn, the last prince of 

 Wales, whose grand-daughter Elena married flryll'ydd Vychan, of- 

 which marriage Glendwr was the offspring. He appears to have had 

 a liberal education, was entered at the inns of court in London, and 

 became a barrister. It is probable that he soon quitted the prut 

 of the law, for we find that he was appointed squire of the bo ly to 

 Richard II., whose fortunes he followed to the la-t, an I was taken 

 with him in Fliut Castle. When the king's household was finally 

 dissolved, he retired to his patrimony ia Wales. He was knighted in 

 1387, and was married early in life to Margaret, daughter of Sir 

 David Hanmer, of Hanmer, iu the county of Flint, one of the Justices 

 of the King's Bench by the appointment of Richard II. By her he 

 had several sons, and five daughters ; most of his sons fell in the 

 field of battle to which they accompanied their father in 140D. 



Owen had engaged in a dispute about the boundaries of his lord- 

 ship of Glendwrdwy with Reginald lord Grey de Ruthyn, an Anglo- 

 Norman whose seignories adjoined his own. Taking advantage of the 

 deposition of Richard, Lord Grey had forcibly possessed himself of a 

 piece of land named Crocseu, which Owen, in the former reign, had 

 recovered from him by course of law. Glendwr laid his case 

 parliament, but hia suit was dismissed. To this provocation Reginald 

 de Kuthyn added another insult, by purposely detaining the writ that 

 had been issued to summon Owen, with the other barons, to 

 Henry IV. iu his expedition against the Scots. Lord Grey misrepre- 

 sented to the king the absence of Glendwr as an act of wilful disobe- 

 dience, and afterwards treacherously took possession of his lands, uuder 

 the pretence of forfeiture. More temperate proceedings were advised 

 by Trevor, bishop of St. Asaph; but 110 representations of Owen's 

 power had any influence on Lord Grey. The Welsh were at this 

 time little better than barbarians : they hated the English because of 

 tlie laws which punished their bards as vagabonds, allowed no Welsh- 

 man to hold the smallest public office iu his native country, and 

 maintained foreign garrisons in their towns and castles. They were 

 regarded iu return as an ungovernable, plundering, rebellious race. 

 Out of their condition arose the power of Glendwr. With the assist- 

 ance of the bards, who ossertel him to be gifted with supernatural 

 skill, his fame was spread through the whole of Wales, and his 

 influence so rapidly increased, that, after levying a body of troops, he 

 at once proclaimed his genealogy, and laid claim to the throne of 

 Wales. In the summer of 140U he attacked the estates of his enemy 

 Lord Grey, and in his absence seized upon hia lands. As soon as the 

 news of these exploits had reached the king, he sent lords Talbot 

 and Grey to reduce Glendwr. Their attack upon his house was 

 suddeu, and he with difficulty escaped. He next marched upon the 

 town of Ruthyn, which he took, pillaged, and burnt during the time 

 of a fair, and then retired to his fortifications in the hills. His pro- 

 ceedings were so alarming that the king soon resolved to march 

 against him in person. In September 1400, a proclamation was i~ n ,1 

 from Northampton, commanding the lieutenants of Warwickshire, 

 Leicestershire, and eight other counties to assemble forces, and on a 

 given day to jojn the regular army at Coventry. 



A grant was also made to the king's brother, John, earl of Somerset, 

 of all Ulendwr's estates in North and South Wales in the hope that 

 this powerful nobleman might be urged by the motive of immediate 

 personal interest to dispossess the rebel of his property. Ulendwr's 

 revenue in money did not exceed 300 marks (200J.), but his rents in 

 service and in kind were probably considerable. Notwithstanding all 

 difficulties, his ranks were continually increased by frcsli recruits. 

 The king, who had now (1400) penetrated as far as the We of An.-lesea, 

 plundered a Franciscan convent at Llanfaes, slew some and carried 

 away others of tho monks (who were however eventually restored to 

 liberty), and repeoplcd the monastery with English. The Kraiiciacans 

 were known to have assisted Prince Llewelyn, aud to have espoused 

 the cause of his successor. Henry at last caused his army to retire, 

 for the further prosecution of his expedition had been rendered useless 

 by the retreat of Glendwr and his troopi to the mountains ia the 

 neighbourhood of Snowdon. At the suggestion of Prince Henry, a 

 free pardon was offered to tho rebels in several Welsh counties, which 

 brought over to the king's authority thirty-two of the principal 

 adherents of Gleudwr. Nothing daunted by the diminution of his 

 forces, but trusting as usual to the protection afforded by a uiouu- 



