II* 



OOUOH, HUGH, VISCOUNT, Q.C.R 



OOUQH, JOHN 



1M 



tchoUr, and upon the whole was one of the moat distinguished men 

 that Genera has produced. Ills principal work, abont which he 

 laboured for thirty yean, and which waa published after his death, is 

 his edition of the Theodosian code, or collection of the Roman law as 

 promulgated by Theodosius the younger, AD. 438. This Tbeodoaian 

 code contains the edicts and rescripts of sixteen emperors, from the 

 fint Constantine to Theodoaius himself; it is divided into sixteen 

 books, and the laws are arranged in chronological order. An abridg- 

 ment of this code is contained in the ' BreTiarium ' of Anianus, a com- 

 pendium of the Roman law, compiled in 506, by order of Alaric, for 

 the use of his Roman subjects. Several editions of the Thcodosian 

 code, all of them more or less defective, were published in the 16th 

 century. The edition of Qothofredua, entitled ' Codex Theodonianus 

 cum perpetais Notis,' 6 vols,, fol., 1665, is a master work of its kind. 

 To the text of the Code Godefroy subjoins the ancient explanation, 

 followed by his own notes, in which he adverts to the various reading?, 

 and to the parallel or conflicting passages in the Theodosian and Jus- 

 tinian Codes; and he completes the illustration of ench title by an 

 ample commentary on the scope and tendency of the various enact- 

 ments, presenting tho reader with an immense mass of erudition, 

 classical, historical, and juridical. He has moreover prefixed to the 

 first volume a ' Chronologic Codicis Theodoaiani,' followed by ' Prole- 

 gomena' on the same, concerning the history of the Code. The last 

 volume contains ' Notitia Dignitatum scu Adminiatrationum tarn 

 Cirilium quain Hilitarium Imperil,' a ' Prosopographia,' or notice of 

 all persons mentioned in the Code, a 'Topographia, sive Orbis Roma- 

 nus ex Cordice Theodesiano descriptus,' and a ' Glossarium Nomicum 

 Codicis Theodosiani." AH these accessory tracts are so many mines of 

 most valuable information. Gibbon, in the ' Memoirs of his own Life,' 

 acknowledges the great obligations he owed to Godefroy's labours 

 while composing his own ' History of the Roman Empire," and he 

 styles his edition of the Theodosian Code 'a full and capacious reposi- 

 tory of the political state of the Empire in the 4th and 5th centuries." 

 About seventy years after the appearance of Godefroy's work, Professor 

 J. D. Ritter republished it with various additions, in 7 vols. fol., 

 Leipzig, 1736-45. Since that time inedited fragments of the Theodo- 

 sian Code have been discovered in the Ambrosian and Turin libraries, 

 filling up many lacuna: in the first five books. ' Codicis Theodoaiani 

 libr. v. priores : recognovit, additamentis insignibus a W. F. Clossio et 

 Amedeo Peyron repertis aliisque auxit, notis subitaueis turn criticis 

 turn exegeticis instruxit Car. Frid. Christianas Wenck,' 8vo., Leipzig. 

 1825. The most complete edition of the text of the Theodosian Code 

 is that edited by Hauel in the ' Corpus Juris Ante-Justinianum," 

 Bonn, 1837. 



Among the numerous other works of Jacques Godefroy, the follow- 

 ing are the most esteemed : 1, ' Manuale Juris ; ' 2, Fontes quatuor 

 Juris Civilis, containing fragments of the Twelve Tables," with notes; 

 3, ' De Statu Paganorum sub Imperatoribus Christianis ; ' 4, ' Opus- 

 culum de Imperio Maris et de Jure Naufragii colligendi, Lege Rhodia ; ' 

 5, ' Note in Tertulliani " Ad Nationes," libros duos iiieditos ; ' 6, 

 ' V. Orationes Libanii Sophi.strc pritnum veste Latina donate ; ' 7, 

 ' III. Orationes; de Statu Germanise, de Causa Odii Juliani in Cnristi- 

 anos, de Causis Achscorum Reipublic;o Intcritus ; ' 8, ' Dissertatio de 

 Suburbicariis Kegionibus et Ecclesiis;' 9, 'Fragmenta Legum Julia; et 

 Pappise ccliecta et Notis illustrata.' He also edited ' PLilostorgii 

 Cappadocis Ecclesiasticac Historix, libri xiL,' and 'Vetus Orbis 

 T>et criptio Graeci Scriptoris sub Conatantio et Constants Imperatoribus,' 

 in Greek and Latin. Godefroy wrote in French, ' Le Mercure Jesuitique, 

 ou Recueil de Pieces concernant lea Progres des Jesuites depuis 1620.' 

 Godefroy died at Geneva in 1652. His juridical works, except his illus- 

 trations of the Theodosian Code, were collected by Trotz, foL, Leyden, 

 1733, with a notice of the author. 



GOUGH, HUGH, VISCOUNT, G.C.B, a general in the British 

 army, is of Irish extraction. His father, the late George Gough, Esq., 

 of Woodstown, Limerick, was the great-grandson of Dr. Francis 

 Gough, a bishop of that see in the 17th century. He was born in 

 1779. Being a younger eon, he adopted the military profession, and 

 entered the army in 1794 as ensign in the 34th foot. It was not long 

 before he entered upon active service. In the followingyear he took part 

 with bis regiment in the capture of the Cape of Good Hope and of the 

 Dutch fleet in Saldanha Bay, and subsequently in the campaign in the 

 West Indie*, including the attack on Porto Rico, the brigand war in 

 St Lucia, and the taking of Surinam. Having obtained his majority in 

 the 87th regiment (the Prince of Wales's Irish), he went out to the 

 Spanish peninsula in 1809, and commanded that corps at the battles 

 of Talavera, Baros-a, Vittoria, Nivelle, Cadiz, and Tarifa; for his 

 gallant conduct in which engagements he received a medal, with an 

 heraldic augmentation to his armorial bearings. At Tarifa he was 

 severely wounded, as he was also subsequently at Nivelle ; and again 

 at Talavera, where he had a hone shot under him. For his conduct 

 on this occasion, the Duke of Wellington recommended that his 

 lieutenant-colonelcy should be ante-dated to the date of his despatch, 

 thus making him the first officer who ever received brevet-rank fur 

 services performed in the field in command of a regiment. At Barossa 

 his regiment captured the eagle of the 8th regiment of French troops, 

 and the baton of Marshal Jourdan at Vittoria. He became a major- 

 general in 1830, and went out to India in 1837 to take command of a 

 division of the Indian army. He had not however been long there 



when he was ordered to proceed to China to take the commnnd-in- 

 chief of the British troops employed in that country. He held this 

 command at the attack on Canton, and for his services on that occasion 

 he was made a G.C.B. He continued to hold this post during the 

 entire series of operations in China, including the capture of Auioy. 

 The war was concluded by the signature of the treaty entered into at 

 Nankin in August 1842. For his services in these parts he was 

 created a baronet towards the close of the same year, and was 

 honoured with the thanks of both houses of parliament. Returning 

 to India, he assumed in the following year the post of Commander-in- 

 chief of the British forces there, and found a field for reaping fresh 

 laurels in the following year. In December 1843 he took command in 

 person of the army in the campaign against the Hahrattas, which 

 terminated in the victory of Moharajpore, when, with the right wing 

 of the army of Gwalior, he defeated tho Mahratta forces and captured 

 upwards of 50 guns. In 1845 and the following year he found a fresh 

 enemy in the Sikhs, whom he defeated successively, with the assist- 

 ance of the governor-general. Lord Hardinge, at Moodkee, Feroxi-ahah, 

 and Sobraon. For his gallant conduct in this bloody and most 

 important war, he again received a vote of thanks from both houses, 

 and was also raised to the pe rage aa Baron Gough, in April 1846. 

 In the last desperate struggle with the same fierce enemies, in 1848-49, 

 Lord Gough showed the greatest bravery and decision, and finally 

 drove them back within their own territories, having gained over them 

 the great victory of Goojerat, though at a heavy cost of life. For 

 this achievement he was again publicly thanked by the assembled 

 Houses of Parliament, and elevated to the viscountcy, the East India 

 Company settling upon him a pension of '20001. a year, to which a 

 similar sum was added by the legislature. Having returned to England 

 in the latter year, he has not since undertaken any active employment 

 He was appointed to the colonelcy of the 87th foot in 1841, and to 

 that of the Royal Horse Guards in 1854, on the death of the Marquis 

 of Anglesey. (Burke t Peerage ; Hard Army Litt; The Three Prcii~ 

 dencies of India.) 



GOUGH, JOHN B., who has acquired celebrity as a lecturer on 

 Temperance in America and in Great Britain, was born at Sandgate, 

 in Kent, on the 22nd of August 1817. His father, who was a soldier 

 in the 40th and 52nd regiments of foot, obtained his discharge with a 

 pension in 1823. John received his elementary instruction from his 

 mother, who taught the village school. He subsequently attended a 

 school in Folkestone. When he was twelve years ol>i he was sent to 

 America as an apprentice to a tradesman who was about to proceed 

 there. With this person, who settled on a farm iu Oneida county, in 

 the state of New York, he remained for about two years, till, seeing 

 little prospect of learning a trade, he wrote to his father, and having 

 obtained his permission, he quitted Oneida county, and took up his 

 abode in the city of New York. Here he obtained employment in 

 the Methodist Book -room, and was enabled to send to Eugland for his 

 mother and sister, who joined him in August 1833; his father 

 declined the invitation, as he did not wish to lose his pension. 

 Scarcity of employment during the winter of 1S33 reduced Gough 

 and his mother and sister to deep distress, and in July 1831 his 

 mother, to whom he was greatly attached, died. Shortly after this 

 event Gough became associated with young men of convivial dispo- 

 sitions, to whom his social qualities made him an acquisition. Ho 

 frequently attended the theatre, aud for some time was engaged as a 

 comic singer and an actor. His love of company led him into habits 

 of intemperance, and he was thus frequently thrown out of employ- 

 ment. In 1839 he married, and commenced business on his own 

 account as a bookbinder ; but his love of company and strong drink 

 prevented him from succeeding. He subsequently experienced dreadful 

 suffering trom more than one attack of delirium, trcmetu ; and his dis- 

 tresses were aggravated by the death of his wife and child. He was 

 reduced to a very miserable condition, when a stranger spoke to him 

 in the street, and asked him in a kindly manner to sign the temperance 

 pledge; to this he consented. His talents for public speaking soon 

 became known to the friends of the temperance cause, and his s. 

 were much in request His fir.it lecture w.is delivered on the 26th of 

 December 1842. About five months subsequently he was induced by 

 some of his former drinking companions to violate his pledge, and this 

 was the cause of much unhappiness to him. He re-signed however, 

 and resumed the course of public advocacy of Temperance principles, 

 which up to the present time he has pursued with remarkable success. 

 In August 1853 Mr. Gough, accompanied by his wife, whom he had 

 recently married, came to England on the invitation of the London 

 Temperance League, and continued in this country for two years, 

 lecturing in Exeter Hall and other large buildings in London, 

 visiting also the principal towns in England and Scotland, creating a 

 marked impression wherever he went, and attracting large audiences 

 to listen to his eloquent addresses. Mr. Gough has received numerous 

 testimonials from individuals and societies, both in America an.l iu 

 Great Britain, in acknowledgment of his labours on behalf of the 

 Temperance cause ; and his services as a public lecturer have likewise 

 been remunerated on a very liberal scale. He was under engagement 

 to the Temperance League in this country to resume his public advo- 

 cacy in August 1856, but Laving become exhausted by his labours in 

 America in the spring of tho year, his medical advisers have enjoined 

 retirement from the excitement of public speaking for a few months. 



