

GU.EVIOS, JOHX OBOBQE. 



GRAHAM, JOHX. 



let 



oot Thit b* KM not kb own manure, but that of one Rum-Jus, 

 M*lMr of U>. tritraiMt, ud WM on* of those enactments which had 

 wiMiii U* fTour of th people from him. Ho ww now a private 

 f^^ t H l,b Meond tribuBMhin had expire.!, but as such ha oppoMxl 

 UM proposal, and united wUh Fulviuii, one of the oommluioDOtB of tho 

 Agrarian Uw, to InaJto th papulae* to act* of open violence, 



Ilia partMas collected at UM capital on the day of deliberation, and 

 by tMr oqtngwnu conduct broke up the assembly. The senate, 

 kraal at thrM prooeedhwa, gate the oomul Opimius full power*, 

 ftE^.fl.- to the otual form, * to take core that the state took no harm." 

 He eoOeotod soldiers, and summoned Gracchus and Fulvius to answer 

 UM charge of murder. After some attempt at nogociation he attacked 

 tie popular p-irty, and aoon dispersed them. Qracchui had been too 

 fooda citlnu to abet in the resistance which his followers attempted, 

 and fled. Being hard pressed he crowed tho Tiber, aud there, in a 

 Grove of the Kuri.s, commanded hit servant to destroy him. He 

 periahed when about thirty-three yean of age, B.C. 121. 



The character of Caiui U not nearly so stainless u liU brother ; lie 

 waa mot* of a popular leader, and much leu of a patriot, than 

 Tiberius ; tho one wai injured by power, but the other seems from 

 the beginning to have aimed at little eUe. The elder brother was 

 hnd of a party which owed its life to his principles as a politician. 

 The younger took the lead in that party when it Lad been regularly 

 formed, and in his eagerness to obtain that post regulated his conduct 

 l.y its nil-he*. The death of Tiberius may be justly called a murder ; 

 that of Caius, or that which he would have suffered had not the slave 

 prevented it, waa nothing more than an execution under martial law. 



GR.KVIUS, JOHN' UKORQE, was born in 1632, at Naumburg in 

 Saxony, and studied at Deveuter under J. V. Uronovius, whom he 

 succeeded some years after as professor of history aud eloquence. Ho 

 was afterwards appointed to fill the tame situation at Utrecht, where 

 he continued for above foity years, to the time of his death in January 

 1703. He acquired the reputation of one of tho first classical scholars 

 of his age, a reputation which he supported by the numerous editions 

 of ancient classical writers which he published and enriched with his 

 own notes, such as Catullus, Tibullus, and Propertius, Ciesar's ' Corn- 

 men ta.ios, 1 the ' Epistles ' and ' Offices ' of Cicero, Suetonius, Lucian, 

 Heaiod, and Callimachus ; besides editions of modern works on classical 

 literature, such as Meursius, 'De Itetno Laconico, de Piroeo, de Cypro, 

 Rhodo, et Creta, Sec.' He also published ' Inscriptions* Antiqutc totius 

 Orbis Romani in abaolutissimum corpus rcdactac." But the greatest 

 work of Graving is bis 'Thesaurus Antiquitatum Romanarum,' 

 IS Tola. foL, Leyden, 1691-99, in which he has collected the best 

 writers who have illustrated the institutions and laws, the customs, 

 UM manners, and the arts of the ancient Romans. He afterwards 

 prepared, as a sequel to it, an enormous collection under the title of 

 ' Thcaaurns Antiquitatum et Histoi iarum Italia:, NeapolU, Sicilian, 

 Sardinia;, Corsica;, aliarumque Insularuoi adjacentium,' which was 

 |mt>li*hed after his death by Peter Burmnun, with additions, in 45 vols. 

 foL, Ley den, 1704-25. Qrtevius published also a collection of rare and 

 choice treatises, by various writers, on curious subjects connected 

 with ancient history, such as T. Rcinesius, 'De Lingua Punica,' aud 

 Do Deo Endovdlico,' by the same ; C. Daumius, ' De Cuusis Amissa- 

 ruin Latino} Lingua) Rodicum ; ' C. F. Frankenstein, ' De ^Erai io 

 Populi Romani,' *c. This collection is entitled ' Syntagma Variarum 

 Dissrrtationum,' 4to, Utrecht, 1702. T. A. Kabricius published a 

 collection of Latin letters and orations of Gncvius, with bis Eloge, by 

 P. Burmann. 



GRAFTON, RICHARD, a printer in London, in tho middle of tho 

 16th century, under whoso name are several works relating to the 

 lii-tory of England, but they are not of much if any value. They 

 include a small Chronicle, in 1 6mo, which was often reprinted between 

 IMS (when it first appeared) and 1572 ; a still smaller, in 24 mo, 1565 ; 

 and his great chronicle entitled 'A Chronicle at large, and meero 

 History of the Aflayrea of Englande and Kinges of the same,' 2 vols. 

 folio, 1509. The appearance of the chronicles of Holinshed and Stowe 

 threw Orafton'a into tho shade. 



URAHAM, JAMES. fMoKTtiOBE.] 



GRAHAM, RIGHT BOH. SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE, 

 BART.. M.P., was born in Cumberland in June 1 792. He is the eldest 

 son of Thomas Graham, Esq., of Netherby, who was created a baronet 

 in 1782, and married the eldest daughter of the seventh carl of Gallo- 

 way. Tho present Sir James Graham was educated at Westminster 

 and at Queen's College, Cambridge. At an early age he gave evidence 

 of Uut great administrative and business capacity which is his chief 

 characteristic. As private ecretary to Lord Montgomeric, in Sicily, 

 the entire iliitie* of the minion for some time devolved on him, conse- 

 lii.-nt ..n the illiie** of the chief. He continued tho service under 

 Lord William Bratiook, and, in some military capacity, negooiated 

 the armUtice with Murat at Naples. In 1818 he succeg.fully con- 

 Hull, on ultra-liberal principles; but his father's views were so 

 very diflVrvnt, that his el.ction expenses, 13,0001, wore defrayed by 

 other*. He did not long retain his seat, where however he bad mode 

 himself notorious for power of sarcasm and attack. In pamphlet* of 

 this and a Inter period he attacked the Corn Laws, and also advocated 

 ocno views rririoeting peasant* and May poles, not unlike those subse- 

 quently known as tho opinions of the Young England party He 

 xucceeded to bis father's baronetcy in 1828, having married in 1819 



the daughter of Sir James Campbell of ArdingUss. In the general 

 election of 1820 he was returned on the same principles as before for 

 Carlisle, and in 1830 accepted office under Earl Grey as First Lord of 

 the Admiralty. Here he practised those doctrines of economy which 

 he had always held. He effected many improvement'), and doubtless 

 saved Urge sums of the public money; but tho wisdom of naval 

 parsimony ha* recently been tested and found wanting ; and moreover 

 Oir James introduced some variations iu ship-building which havo 

 proved complete failures. In 1831 he was appointed ono of the com- 

 mittee of four to consider Earl Grey's promised Reform measure ; and 

 it was on tho report which he assisted to frame that the bill ultimately 

 pasted was formed. In 1834, Sir James Graham and Mr. Stanley (now 

 Lord Derby) resigned, disagreeing with their colleagues on the Appro- 

 priation Clause in the Irish Church Temporalities Bill, by which some 

 saving consequent on a proposed new method of letting Church lands was 

 to be devoted to purposes not precisely clerical. This they denounced 

 as confiscation. Lord Grey's cabinet went out on the point ; but Sir 

 James would not join the short-lived administration of Sir Rowrt !' >], 

 remaining of no party until 1841, when, on the accession to more 

 permanent power of Sir Robert Peel, he became Home Secretary. 

 Under this government he took an active part in the establishment of 

 the New Tariff and the Income-tax, of the Factory Act, and the Bank 

 Charter Act. In 1844 he became extremely unpopular, in consequence 

 of ordering letters addressed to H. Miizzini to be opened and copied 

 at the General Post-Office. Sir James was next better occupied in the 

 repeal of the Corn Laws, when he took an active and prominent part 

 in those fierce conflicts, in which the weight of Lord George Bentiurk 

 and the dazzle of Mr. Disraeli were opposed to the calmer yet unflinch- 

 ing determination of himself and Sir Robert Peel. Shortly afterwards 

 the government went out on the Irish Coercion Bill, through the 

 agency of the defeated Conservative party, which sided with the 

 Whigs and the Irish in a spirit of vengeance for the loss of Protection. 

 But the Peelites, as they were now called, did not go into opposition ; 

 on the contrary, tliey supported Lord John Russell's government in 

 most measures which have since received the approval of the country 

 the Sugar Duties Reduction, the Navigation Laws, &c. But on the 

 Greek question, Sir Robert Peel and his former colleagues, Sir J. 

 Graham, Mr. Gladstone, and Mr. Sidney Herbert, spoke (Sir Robert 

 for the last time in that house) most powerfully against the policy of 

 Lord Palmerston. Pursuing his principles of perfect religious liberty, 

 Sir James Graham refused to act with Lord John Russell, on the 

 re-formation of his cabinet in 1851, because of the alleged intolerance 

 of Lord John's Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, which however was carried 

 again by the support of Mr. Disraeli's country party. After the ten 

 months' administration of Lord Derby, Sir James Graham returned to 

 his old post at the Admiralty, under the coalition government of Lord 

 Aberdeen in 1853. He retained office until the close of 1854, and 

 again for a few days under Lord Palmerston, at the commencement of 

 1855, when he resigned, as it appeared, after assisting to carry on tlie 

 war with Russia against his own idea of its justice. His former 

 parsimony and reforms at the Admiralty had now borne fruit. 

 Admiral Sir Charles Napier, who had the command of the Baltic 

 fleet, laid his inactivity to the charge of Sir James, alleging that he 

 had been supplied with vessels of an improper description, which 

 would have been useless even had they been efficiently manned ; an.l 

 that he had been crippled by conflicting and ignorant orders. Subse- 

 quently, from his place in parliament as member for Southwark, Sir 

 Charles brought forward charges against Sir James, which failed to 

 arrest more than the passing attention of the bouse, when the affair 

 had assumed the colour of a private quarrel 



Sir James Graham has always been recognised as most able in office. 

 He has perhaps au great a faculty for hard work and clear precision of 

 administration as can be found. In his long parliamentary career be 

 has successively represented Hull, Carlisle, Kast Cumberland, Pem- 

 broke, Dorchester, Ripon, and finally Carlisle again, being returned 

 for the last-named place at the general election of 1852. 



GRAHAM, JOHN, VISCOUNT DUNDEE, commonly called CLAVER- 

 HOUSE, from the name of an estate belonging to his father Sir William 

 Graham, of whom he was the second son, was probably born about the 

 year 1649 or 1650. He is said to have studied at St. Andrews, anil to 

 nave made some proficiency iu the mathematics ; but learning was not a 

 sphere in which he shone; and Sir Walter Soott, who endeavoured to 

 raise his character from that of the ordinary soliier of fortune, and 

 to endow him with a higher tone of feeling, cannot help comparing 

 bis letters to those of a chambermaid. Many of tho younger tons of 

 the Scottish gentry poor, intrepid, and accustomed to that superiority 

 over their neighbours which suits a man at once for command in n halt 

 disciplined army had by these qualities held commissions during tho 

 Thirty Years' War, without being very fastidious about the side on 

 which they fought. Uraham was evidently brought up to this trade. 

 He entered first the French anil then the Dutch si-rvicc, obtaining in 

 the latter considerable distinction. Being however refused the com- 

 mand of a regiment, ho returned to Scotland in 1677. He obtained 

 a captain's commission in one of the troops of horse employed iu 

 enforcing obedience to the penal laws against nonconformists in Scot- 

 land. Among many cruel instruments, he became conspicuous by Ms 

 barbarity, and obtained an unenviable renown in history, romance, 

 and local tradition. A considerable body of Covenanters having 



