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GRAHAM, MARIA. 



GRAMMONT, COUNT. 



103 



announced that they were to hold a solemn preaching on the 1st of 

 June 1679, Graham, on his way to disperse them, was met by an 

 advanced body of these enthusiasts, armed and well commanded, who, 

 in a piece of ground called Drumclog, dispersed his troopers, and 

 compelled him to fly for his life. At the subsequent battle of Both- 

 well Bridge hia exterminating counsels were fortunately counteracted 

 by the milder genius of Mouuiouth, the commander of the expedition. 

 In 16sS he was raised to the peerage by the title of Viscount Dundee 

 and Loi-d Graham of Claverhouse. While the Convention Parliament 

 was pitting in Scotland arranging the Revolution settlement, he put 

 himself at the head of some Highland and Irish marauders, with 

 whom, on the 17th of June 1689, he successfully defended the pass 

 of Killicrankie against Mackay until he was killed by a random shot 



GUAHAM, MARIA. [CALCOTT, LADY.] 



GliAHAM, ROBERT, the third son of Dr. Robert Graham, after- 

 wards Moir of Leckie, was born at Stirling on the 3rd of December 

 17S6. He followed his father's profession, and in the early part of his 

 life practised medicine at Glasgow. Previous to the year 1818 there 

 was no separate chair of botany in the University of Glasgow, and 

 lectures on this subject were read by the professor of anatomy in the 

 gummer season. On the government establishing a separate chair for 

 botany, Dr. Graham wag appointed to the post. In 1821 the chair of 

 botany becoming vacant in the University of Edinburgh, Dr. Graham 

 wag the successful candidate for the office. He wag also appointed 

 1 hy.-.k-iau to the Infirmary, and conservator of the Botanic Garden of 

 Edinburgh, to which he speedily devoted much attention, and to his 

 exertions the garden is mainly indebted for its present flourishing 

 condition. 



Although Dr. Graham evidently pcw.-essed but little botanical know- 

 ledge on hit being appointed to the Glasgow chair, he devoted himself 

 with great enthusiasm to the study of it in Edinburgh, and he pro- 

 enlUted the feelings of hia pupils more by his enthusiasm than 

 hi* deep knowledge. One plan which he adopted was very successful 

 in producing a love of the science he taught, and that wag bis prac- 

 tice of making excursions with his pupils to some distant part of the 

 country. He thus examined, during successive summers, the floras of 

 several important district* of Scotland, England, Wales, and Ireland. 

 The knowledge which he thug obtained, induced him to prepare 

 material* for a Flora of Great Britain, which however he did not live 

 to publish. His published works consist ohitfly of descriptions of 

 new or rare plants which flowered in the botanic gardens of Edin- 

 burgh. Theae, as well ag notices of hia excuroions and other papers, 

 appeared in the 'Edinburgh New Philosophical Magazine,' CurtU's 

 4 Botanical Magazine,' and Hooker'* ' Companion to the Botanical 

 Magazine.' 



Dr. Graham wag a strong and powerful man, but his health gave 

 way some jean before his death, and he eventually died on the 7th 

 of August 1845, of an encephaloid tumour which occupied the back 

 part of the thorax and pressed upon the great veagela of the heart. 

 He wag a frank kind-hearted man, and few men have left behind them 

 a larqer circle of affectionate friends to lament his death. 



UKAI.NUEK, JAMES, wag born at Dunge about the year 1723. 

 Having been educated for a surgeou, he served in the army in that 

 capacity, fint duriugthe rebellion of 1745, and afterwards in Germany. 

 Having resigned hit commission, he practised for a short time in Lou- 

 don, and then accepted a situation at St. Christopher's. On hia arrival 

 there, he married the daughter of a lady whom he bad cured of small- 

 pox during the voyage. He continued, with a short exception, to 

 regide at St. Christopher 1 * until his death, which took place Dec. 24, 

 17i>7. 



His only claimg to celebrity rest on his ' Ode to Solitude,' and big 

 poem entitled the ' Sugar-Cane.' Of the first we can only gay that it 

 contain* sundry false quantities, much nonsense, and a few good hues ; 

 and of the second, that it it one of those numerous instances aiforded, 

 wherever we turn in the literature of the last century, which evince 

 that the principle* of poetry had been utterly lost sight of by a large 

 proportion of those who called themselves, and whom others called, 

 poeU. Virgil ha* shown what difficulties didactic poetry presents; 

 but when a man of but moderate power* of versification, and very 

 little taste, site down to write a treatise on gugar plantations, and 

 thinks it an improvement on, ' rat* ' to call them ' the whiskered 

 vermin race,' little indeed of true poetical imagery can we expect to 

 find auiouggt hi* descriptions. The absurdity of hanging classical 

 trapping* round a subject like our author'* is too evident to need 

 notice, and perhaps the poem it too much forgotten to make it worth 

 while to censure ita principles ; but we cannot diamiaa the subject 

 without remarking that Grainger shows himself to have been almost 

 entirely callous to the barbarities practised on the (lave*. 



*GRAI M ;KU, UICUAUD, to whose enterprise and (kill the town 

 of N'ewcastle-upon-Tvnc owe* great improvement* in its street com- 

 munications and it* architectural character, was born at Newcastle 

 in 1798, and was the third child of parent* hi a very humble 

 position. His father was a porter employed on the quay ; and his 

 mother, a native of Gibraltar, after her husband'* death, supported 

 her children by stocking-grafting, glove-making, and clear-starching. 

 Richard Grainger'* school education was such a* could be got at the 

 charity-school of the parish. He was apprenticed to a house car- 

 penter and builder. Even when be waa only twelve yean of age, the 



erection of a covered market iu place of the shambles, which had been 

 till then in the open street, seems to have impressed itself upon his 

 mind aa an improvement of an important description ; and he was 

 shortly afterwards led to notice the inconvenient arrangement of the 

 centre of the town, where a space of twelve acres was unoccupied by 

 streets, and the communications were circuitous. He also noticed 

 that the quarries of the neighbourhood were turned to little account. 

 During the period of his apprenticeship he was entrusted with the 

 collection of money for a Tract Society attached to the Methodist 

 body to which he belonged, when many indications of his future 

 character were observed. When he waa out of his time, his elder 

 brother, a bricklayer, engaged him to join iu .the rebuilding of a 

 small house in High Friar Chase. Afterwards, on the illness of his 

 brother, Richard Grainger commenced for himself, when he was 

 employed to build some of the houses of Higham Place. Soon after- 

 wards he married ; and his wife not only brought him 50001., but 

 assistance in the management of his accounts aud correspondence. 

 He then pursued several undertakings of an extensive nature with 

 commercial success ; and in his buildings, by the use of stone, and 

 the adoption of improved decorative details, he added somewhat to 

 the architectural appearance of the town. Amongst such under- 

 takings may be named Eldon Square, the Leazes Terrace anil Crescent, 

 north of the town, and the Itoyal Arcade, containing some of the 

 principal public and private offices. Eldon Square was commenced in 

 1826, and after that speculation Grainger had realised 20,0002. The 

 Arcade was commenced iu 1831, aud opened iu less than a year. It cost 

 40,0002. Mr. Grainger next purchased the twelve acres of ground 

 before referred to, and other old property, besides the Butcher- 

 market erected twenty-four years before, and the Theatre, aud there- 

 upon commenced and completed in the short space of five years, or 

 from August 1831 to August 1839, what are probably the most 

 important and successful improvements that have ever been effected in 

 such a period of time in any town. The improvements included nine 

 new streets amounting to a length collectively of one mile, two hundred 

 aud eighty nine yards, also the new market, the exchange, the new 

 theatre, a new dispensary, a music-hall, a lecture-room, two chapels, 

 incorporated companies' hall, two auction marts, ten inns, twelve 

 public-houses, forty private houses, and three hundred aud twenty- 

 live houses with shops. These works were estimated to have added 

 nearly 1,000,0002., to the value of the place. The new market was 

 commenced in 1834, and opened October 24th, 1835. It exceeds in 

 size the great market at Liverpool. Of the new streets Grey Street 

 and Grainger Street are the principal. They meet at an angle, the 

 column, with the statue of Earl Grey, terminating the vista of each 

 street. The Central Exchange occupies the interior of the triangular 

 block of buildings at the junction. The theatre, by Hi'. Benjamin 

 Green, architect, with a Corinthian portico, is in Grey Street. 



Mr. Grainger'* works at Newcastle undoubtedly contribute to the 

 architectural character of the town, as much as they do to its internal 

 convenience. For the attainment of effect iu architecture, tho study 

 of ground plan is essential, and it happens that in the arrangement 

 of streets aud the disposition of masses of building, art and conve- 

 nience go even more than usually hand in hand. To the extent here 

 referred to, the works of Richard Grainger have shown a feeling for 

 art which it ii surprising could be manifested without any archi- 

 tectural education, and amidst the pressure of commercial under- 

 takings. Stu<ly of detail however, along with the grouping of masses, 

 is necessary to full architectural effect; and here there may be much 

 in the buildings of Newcastle that should detract from the praise they 

 have received. As street improvements Mr. Grainger' s works merit 

 eulogium; but viewing the buildings themselves, it cannot be said 

 that they are muoh in advance of the architecture of their time, or 

 equal to what has been done in the chief commercial towns of England 

 subsequently. Aa in the case of Regent Street, the combination of a 

 fragile-looking substructure with a ponderous superstructure is fatal 

 to everything else. In the designs of his buildings, Mr. Grainger has 

 doubtless had much assistance, without however lessening the surprise 

 which may be felt at such architectural knowledge as he has exhibited. 

 Those only who know the nature of such vast undertakings as his have 

 been, will be able to award him the due credit for his industry aud 

 mental power. 



GRAMMONT, or QRAMONT, COUNT, a celebrated personage of 

 the age of Loug XIV., served in the army with great distinction, and 

 rose to the rank of lieutenant-general, but he acquired his celebrity 

 by big great wit and big relations with the most eminent persons of 

 hi* day. He spent some time at the court of Charles II. of England. 

 During his residence in England he engaged to marry Miss Hamilton. 

 Forgetting or neglecting his promise, he set out to return to France ; 

 but being joined by two of the lady's brothers at Dover, and asked 

 whether he had not forgotten something, " Yes, indeed, I have forgotten 

 to marry your sister," answered Grammont, and immediately returned 

 to complete his engagement. Grammont died in 1707, aged eighty- 

 four. His memoirs, which were published by his brother-in-law, 

 Anthony Hamilton, are admitted to be the cleverest production of 

 that kind; they abound in wit and animation, aud present a lively, 

 although, in their astounding licentiousness, a sometimes disgusting 

 picture of the profligate court of Charles II. They have gone through 

 many editions in Pari* as well as in London. Of the following edition 



