ttl 



GKAT1AXCS. AUOUBTOT. 



OKATTAN, 1IENHV. 



ud delkjhUd the arables and sDMioipal.ty of Paris, unmblad ID 

 Ue tloul d. VUle, by thanking them in a speech in their own 

 *--g g- unkh WM perfect fa allusion, in accent, and in idiom. 

 yrebduaesi Might saistake Lord lirauville for their countryman. 

 When at UM Mid of 1841 Lord I'almeretoo WM ousted from the 

 ell Cabin.*, for the indiscretion of rwognieing the new goveru- 

 of tU Frraeh empire, without the Queen', knowledge Lord 



opire, 



UranvilU suocwded him but the government .broke up, giving 

 kirn UM > afford proiuiie only of munieUrial firmneea and .kill. 

 Ttat hower ke did. in the aflair of Mr. Mather, who wai cruelly 

 bred by an Austrian offlorr in Moreno*. He was aubsoquently 

 Presides* of the Board of Trade under Lord Aberdeen, and 1'reeident 

 of the Council under Lord Itlmenton in 1855. He kai aleo held 

 the oJBeee of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Treasurer of the 

 Nary, and Paymuter-Ueneral of the Forces. In 1656 be wat cent ai 

 pectal ambaeiador to attend tlio coronation of the Emperor of 

 Koeut. lie married in 1840 Maria, the daughter of the Duo de 

 Ikdberg, and widow of Sir Ferdinand Dalberg Acton, Bart. In politic* 

 he is a Liberal and a Freetrader. 



URATIA'XUS, AUGUSTUS, eldest son of Valentinian L, suo- 

 eeeded after hia fatber'a death, A.I>. 375, to a shore of the Western 

 Empire, having for hia lot Gaul, Spain, and Britain; liii brother 

 Valentinian II., then an infant five yean old, had Italy, lllyricum, 

 and Africa, under the guardianship however of Gratiauus, who was 

 therefore in reality ruler of all the West His uncle Valens had the 

 Empire of the Knit. Oratianus began his reign by punishing severely 

 various pmfeeU and other officers who had committed acts of 

 oajitsaeioei and cruelty during his father's reign. At the same time, 

 through some insidious charge*, Count Theodosius, father of Tlioodo- 

 sius the Great, and one of the most illustrious men of his age, was 

 beheaded at Carthage. In the year 878 Valens perished in the battle 

 of Adrianople ngsinst the Goths, and Gratianus, who was hastening 

 to Us assistance, was hardly able to save Constantinople from fulling 

 into the bands of the enemy. In consequence of tbo death of his 

 uncle, Gratianus, finding himself ruler of the whole Roman empire 

 during the minority of his brother Valentinian, called to him young 

 Theodoaius, who had distinguished himitlf iu the Koman armies, but 

 bad retired into Spain after bis father's death. Gratianus sent him 

 against the Sarmatiana, who had crossed the Danube to join the 

 Goths. Theodosius defeated them completely, and drove the remainder 

 beyond that river. Gratianus then appointed him his colleague (in 

 January 878), a choice wise and disinterested in the former, equally 

 crediiabU to both, and fortunate for the empire, and gave him the 

 province* of the East. Gratianus returned to Italy, aiid resided some 

 time at Milan, where he became intimate with Bishop Ambrose. Ho 

 was obliged however soon after to hasten to lllyricum to the assist- 

 ance of Theodosius, and he repelled the Goths, who were threatening 

 Thrace. From thence be was obliged to hasten to the banks of the 

 Ithine to fight the Alemanni and other barbarians. Having returned 

 to Milan in the year 881, he had to defend the frontiers of Italy from 

 other tribes who were advancing on the side of Kbaetia, and he 

 ordered fresh levies of men and horses for the purpose. Oratianus 

 enacted several wise laws : by one of them be checked mendicity, 

 which had spread to an alarming extent in Italy ; and he ordered all 

 beggars to be arrested, and, if slaves by condition, to be given up as 

 such to those who denounced them ; if freemen, to be employed iu 

 cultivating the land. He also showed himself disposed to tolerance 

 towards the various sects which divided Christianity ; but he displayed 

 stern determination against the remains of the Heathen worship. 

 At Rome he overthrew the altar of Victory, which continued to exist ; 

 be confiscated the property attached to it, as well as all the property 

 belonging to the other priests and the Vestals. He also refused to 

 same the title and the insignia of Pontifex Maximus, a dignity till 

 i considered as annexed to that of emperor. These measures gave 

 low to the old worship of the empire ; and although the 

 ors, who for the most part were still attached to it, sent him a 

 deputation, at the head of which was Symmachus, they could not 

 obtain any mitigation of his decrees. 



British)! 



C.ln of OraUanus. 

 Actual aUc, Gold. Weight 6TJ grains. 



Lode* tat consulship of Menbaadas and Saturninus in 883, a 



cert*,, M.x,mu. revolud in I'riuin, and was proceed emperor by 



the .oldUrs, to whom be pron.Uod to re-establish the tempi,, and the 



old nrligum of the empire. He invaded Gaul, where he found numerous 



tisaua, Gratunus, who WM theu, according to some, on the 



Woe, dvanced to meet him. But he appears by an unbecoming 



indulgence u, idle amusemeoU to have disgusted the army, and h! 



now found himself forsaken by most of his troops, and obliged to 

 hasten towards Italy. Orosiua and others however state tl. 

 emperor received the news of the revolt while in Iialy, aud that he 

 hurried across the Alps with a small retinue a* far as Lyon. All 

 however agree in saying that he was seized ut Lyou and put to doath 

 by the jiartisaus of Maximum St. Ambrose, who ventured from 

 Milan to the camp of Maximus to beg the body of his irnperiil friend, 

 WM refused; but some time afterwards the remains <: 

 were transferred to Milan, whore they were interred. He was little 

 more than twenty-four years of age, aud had reigned about eight 

 yean. The historians agree in praising him for hia justice and 

 ness, and his seal for the public good ; and Ammianus Marcellinus, 

 who is not liable to the charge of partiality towards the Christians, 

 odds, that had he lived longer, ho would have rivalled the best 

 emperon of ancient Homo. 



GRATIA'NUS, a Benedictine monk of the 12th century, a native 

 of Tuscany, according to some, and resident at Bologna. He U chielly 

 known for his 'Collection of the Canons, or Decretals, of the fhurch,' 

 which occupied him during twenty-four years, and which ha |>ir , 

 at Rome about the middle of the 12th century. The collection, whiuh 

 has become known by the name of ' Decretum Gratiani,' was first 

 printed at Mainz, in folio, 1472, and forms port of the 'Corpus Juris 

 Canouici.' Gratiauus improved on the collectors of Decretal* who had 

 preceded him, especially Isidorus Mer^-ator, who had heajied up in Us- 

 crituiiiately and without order a number of decisions aud canons, 

 whieli were often discordant. Gratianus ranged them in ordr 

 distributed them under distinct heads, endeavouring to explain the 

 obscurities aud reconcile the contradictions which appeared in some 

 of them ; but ha retained at the same time, through want of authentic 

 authorities and of enlightened criticism, many apocryphal . 

 many erroneous textual readings: he appears indeed to have felt IIH 

 own deficiencies, for he honestly cautious hia readers not to place 

 implicit faith iu his writings, but to scan them by the light of reason 

 and by the test of moral evidence. (' Decrt-t. Distiuciio,' ix. ch, 3-5.) 



As a proof of his honesty, aud that, whatever may have been the 

 effect of bis authority, he had no intention to flatter the preu-; 

 of the Roman see, one has only to read his ' Distiuctio,' Ixiii, 

 23, and 25, in which ho says that the election of the pope is subordi- 

 nate to the will of the emperor, as well as that of the bishop is to 

 the choice of the various sovereigns; while in chapter 34 IK 

 asserts that the clergy and the people ought to participate in the 

 election of their respective bishops. And yet in another place, ' Dia- 

 tiuctio,' x., cb. 1, &e,, he asserts as a fundamental axiom that the 

 imperial laws ought to yield to the ecclesiastical canons, without 

 distinguishing between tbe canons which concern matters of dogma 

 and those which relate merely to discipline or jurisdiction. The AbW 

 Fleury, in his ' Troisieme Discours BUT 1'Histoire Kcclesiastique,' says 

 that " Gratianus, besides so consolidating the authority of tin 

 decretals that for three centuries after no other canons were referred 

 to but those of his collection, went even farther in extending the 

 authority of the pope by maintaining that he was not himself subject 

 to the canons ; an arbitrary assertion destitute of evidence, but which 

 contributed to establish in the Latin, or Western, church a confused 

 notion that the authority of the pope was without bounds. Uratiauus 

 also maintained, upon apocryphal or mutilated authority, that clergy. 

 men are not subject to secular jurisdiction. This principle is illustr a 1 

 in a celebrated answer of Innocent III. to the Eastern emperor, in 

 which that pope contends that the temporal sovereign has the juris- 

 diction of the sword over those who bear a sword, that is to say, over 

 laymen only, as no one can be the judge of the servants of another." 



The grosser errors and the apocrypha of the 'Deoretum' were 

 corrected and expurgated in an improved edition executed by order 

 of Gregory XII L, 15S2 ; but still many assertions favourable to thu 

 absolute supremacy as well as to the tempor.il authority of the popes 

 were allowed to remain iu it, as being sanctioned by ages, though 

 contrary to the ancient discipline of the church. These are what are 

 styled in France, and other countries north of the Alpn, tho ultra- 

 montane doctrines of the Roman Curia. Antonius Augustiuu 

 written a treatise, 'De Kmendatione Qratiani,' which forms a useful 

 supplement to the ' Decretum.' 



UKATTAN, HENRY, was born in Dublin iu 1750. His father, a 

 barrister and a Protestant, was recorder of Dublin and also its repre- 

 sentative in the Irish parliament. Young Grattan entered at the usual 

 age as a fellow-commoner at Trinity College, Dublin; and having there 

 distinguished himself considerably, he proceeded to London, after 

 taking his degree, for the purpose of keeping terms at the Middle 

 Temple, and of studying law. He was called to the Irish bar in 1772. 

 In 1775 he was returned to the Iri-iu parliament, under Lord Chario- 

 mont's auspices, as representative of the borough of Charlemout 

 _ In parliament, Grattan at ouco joined the ranks of opposition. 

 Exerting his nervous eloquence in the cause of his country's independ- 

 ence, he in a very short time gained to himself the admiration and 

 love, while he contributed not a little to swell the enthusiasm, of the 

 Irish nation. At this period Ireland had to complain, not only of the 

 dependent state of her legislature and courts of justice, but also of 

 grievous commercial restrictions ; and one of the first great fruits of 

 Urattan's zeal and eloquence was the partial throwing open of Irish, 

 commerce. Subsequently, in 1780, he obtained from the Irish parliii- 



