173 



GRAUN, CARL HEINRICH. 



GRAVINA, GIOVANNI VINCENZO. 



174 



ment the memorable resolution "that the King's most excellent 

 Majesty, and the Lords and Commons of Ireland, are the only power 

 competent to make laws to bind Ireland." The peroration of the 

 speech in which Le moved this resolution is a noble specimen of his 

 eloquence. 



Such was the pitch of popularity to which Grattan had now 

 attained, that it was proposed in the Ii-ish parliament to vote him the 

 sum of lOO.OOOJ., "as a testimony of the national gratitude for great 

 national services." The vote was afterwards reduced in committee, at 

 the express instance of Grattan's own friends, to 50,00(M. ; and this 

 sum Grattan received. In consequence of the declaration of rights of 

 the Irish parliament, a negociation was set on foot for the repeal of 

 the act (8th of George I.) by which the British legislature declared its 

 right to bind Ireland by British statutes. When the repeal of this 

 act was brought forward in England, Mr. Flood contended in the Irish 

 parliament that the simple repeal of a declaratory act, like that of the 

 6th of George I., would not involve a renunciation of the right ; and 

 after moving some other resolutions which implied dissatisfaction 

 with a simple repeal of the act, and which were successively negatived 

 without a division, he at last moved for leave to bring in a bill for 

 declaring the exclusive right of the Irish parliament to make laws for 

 Ireland. Grattan Hiffered from the view takeu by Mr. Flood, and 

 contended that the simple repeal of the act was a sufficient security 

 for the independence of Ireland. Mr. Flood's bill was thrown out by 

 a large majority. But though the opinion of the Irish House of 

 Commons waa with Grattan, the sympathies of the Irish nation were 

 with Mr. Flood. A belief gained ground, and was much encouraged 

 by Mr. Flood's acrimonious attacks, that having received his reward 

 (iiafan had ceased to be a patriot; and he now for a time unde- 

 servedly lost much of his well-earned popularity. 



Hi* opposition however in 1785 to the propositions regarding the 

 trade between Great Britain and Ireland, moved by Mr. Orde in the 

 Irish parliament, and ever since well known as Urdu's Propositions, 

 restored him to his lost place in the affections of his countrymen. 

 One of these propositions was to the effect that the Irish parliament 

 should from time to time adopt and enact all such acts of the British 

 parliament as should relate to the regulation or management of her 

 commerce. The Irish parliament would thus have been placed so 

 far in a st-ite of complete dependence; but owing principally to 

 Grattan's efforts in opposition, the measure was relinquished ; and he 

 went on to secure a continuance of his now regained popularity by the 

 introduction of a measure for getting rid of tithes, which was however 

 rejected. Occupying moreover the leading place in the Whig Club 

 which then existed in Dublin, Grattan succeeded in obtaining a public 

 declaration from its members that they would never accept office 

 under any administration which would not concede certain measures 

 tending to increase purity of election and ministerial responsibility. 

 In 1790 Grattan waa returned to parliament for Dublin. 



In the parliament which now met, the question of Roman Catholic 

 Emancipation being raised, Grattan appeared of course as the friend 

 of religious liberty. Ue thereby offended his new constituent!. There 

 is no doubt that the course which he took upon this question would 

 have prevented bis re-election, had he desired it ; but finding himself 

 unablo to item that movement which, originating with the recal of 

 Lord T'ltzwilliam, terminated in the rebellion of 1703, he voluntarily 

 retired from parliament He wai afterwards returned for Wicklow, 

 for the express purpose of opposing the Union. The Union waa 

 carried, and in 1805 he entered the imperial parliament as member 

 fur the borough of Malton. The next year he was returned for 

 liiiHin. Preserving in his new position the reputation which he had 

 before acquired for eloquence, he also adhered inflexibly to those 

 principle* of toleration and popular government of which in Ireland 

 he had been the champion. He lost no opportunity of advocating the 

 Roman Catholic claims. He may be said indeed to have died in the 

 catue of Roman Catholic (Emancipation. He had undertaken to pre- 

 sent a petition from the Irish Roman Catholics, and to support it in 

 parliament, notwithstanding the remonstrances of his friends that the 

 exertion would be incompatible with his declining health. " I should 

 be happy," he replied to those remonstrances, " to die in the discharge 

 of my duty." He had scarcely arrived in London with the petition 

 when hu debility greatly increased. He died on the 14th of May 

 1820, at the age of seventy. His remains were interred in West- 

 minster A bb-y ; and on the occasion of moving for a new writ for the 

 city of Dublin, Sir James Mackintosh pronounced an eloquent eulogium 

 on hia life and character. 



There ia no need to dwell on the public character of Grattan, inas- 

 much as his honesty and consistency never having been impeached it 

 requires no defence. la private life ho was irreproachable. " He is 

 ono of the few private men," says Sir James Mackintosh, " whose 

 private virtues were followed by public fame ; he ia one of the few 

 public men whose private virtues are to be cited as examples to those 

 who would follow in hia public steps. He waa as eminent in his 

 obnervance of ail the dutiea of private life as he was heroic ill the 

 discharge of his public one*." 



Ur.ittan'a speeches were collected and published by his son, in 

 4 Tola. Svo, in 1821. There is also a volume of his miscellaneous 

 works. 

 ORAUN, CARL HEINRICH, a German composer of great celebrity 



during part of the last century, and kapellmeister, or director of music, 

 to Frederick II. of Prussia, was born iu Saxony in 1701. As a boy 

 he was entered at the school of La Sainte Croix, at Dresden, where 

 the beauty of his soprano voice soon procured him the situation of 

 state singer. This voice afterwards changed into a high teuor of no 

 great power, but of excellent quality. He studied composition under 

 Schmidt, kapellmeister at Dresden, and leaving the school iu 1720 he 

 commenced composing for the Church. In 1725 he succeeded Hasse 

 as principal tenor in the opera at Brunswick, but not quite approving 

 the airs allotted to him, he wrote one for himself, which so mucli 

 pleased the court that he was immediately appointed composer to the 

 opera. Subsequently he entered into the service of the prince royal 

 of Prussia (afterwards Frederick the Great), for whom he composed 

 and sung cantatas, &c. These wero very numerous, and so satisfactory 

 to the royal dilettante, that Grauu's salary was augmented from a 

 small pittance to 2000 crowns per annum. He died in 1759, in the 

 service of Frederick, who was so much attached to him that he wept 

 when the death of his favourite was announced. Grauu waa a most 

 voluminous composer, and many of his works perhaps deserved at the 

 time the encomiums lavished on them ; but of these few are known, 

 even in Germany. His operas, which are numerous, are quite for- 

 gotten. His short oratorio, ' Der Tod Jesu ' (' The Death of Christ '), 

 possesses very considerable merit ; but his name will be transmitted 

 to posterity by his ' To Deum,' a work of invention, beauty, and 

 grandeur. 



GRAVELOT, HUBERT FRANCOIS D'ANVILLE, designer and 

 engraver, was born at Paris in 1699. He was the brother of D'Auville 

 the eminent geographer. When about thirty years of age, Gravclot 

 commenced the study of painting under Restout ; but he eventually 

 adopted designing, and established himself in London as a designer 

 and etcher about the year 1732, and found considerable employment. 

 He returned however to Paris iu 1745, and obtained considerable 

 reputation there, chiefly as a designer. His principal works are the 

 drawings for the monumenta of kings for Vertue; many of the etchings 

 to Sir Thomas Hanmer's edition of ' Shakspere,' after his own and 

 Haymau's designs; also those for Theobald's 'Shakspere,' from his 

 own designs ; a large print of Kirkstall Abbey ; and many ornamental 

 designs executed in England. In Paris he designed the illustrations 

 for Luneau de Boisjermain's 'Racine;' for the great edition of the 

 works of Voltaire by 1'auconcke; and for editions of the 'Contes 

 Moraux ' of Marmontel, and of the works of Boccaccio and of Ariosto. 

 He died in 1773. 



GRAVES, RICHARD, was born at Mickleton, in Gloucestershire, 

 iu 1715, received his academical education at Pembroke College, 

 Oxford, and in 1738 was elected fellow of All Souls. Having taken 

 orders and married, he obtained, about 1750, the rectory of Claverton, 

 near Bath, in Somersetshire, where the remainder of hia long life waa 

 spent He engaged in private tuition with credit and success, and 

 still found time to devote to polita literature. (See the list of his 

 works, too long and insignificant for insertion, iu the ' Geut. Mag.,' 

 voL Ixxiv. p. 116C, copied by Chalmers.) The only one now remem- 

 bered (and that by few) is the 'Spiritual Quixote,' 1772. This novel 

 was written s a satire on the Methodists ; it ii clever, lively, and 

 amusing, and shows that Mr. Graves possessed considerable power aa 

 a writer of fiction. But like other occasional publications, its popu- 

 larity passed with the interest of the subject ; not to say that tho 

 recognised respectability and utility of the Mathodist clergy have 

 rendered society in general lets inclined to look favourably on a violent 

 attack on the whole body, founded on the follies or vices which indi- 

 viduals may have shown ; and the profuse and somewhat irreverent 

 introduction of scriptural language ia offensive to a large class of 

 readers. Mr. Graves was beloved in society for his gay ready wit and 

 good humour : he was intimate with Sheustone and other writers 

 admired in their day, but now forgotten. He died at Clavorton on the 

 23rd of November 1804, nearly ninety years old. 



QRAVESANDti, ST. [ST. GBAVESANDE.] 



GRAVI'NA, GIOVANNI VINCENZO, born at Ruggiano in Cala- 

 bria in 1664, studied at Naples, where he devoted himself chiefly to 

 the investigation of jurisprudence, ancient and modern. He after- 

 wards went to Rome, where he and Crescimbeni were the founders of 

 the Accademia degli Arcadi, which has continued ever since. In 1698 

 Innocent XII. appointed him professor of civil and canon law in the 

 University of Rome. Qravina gave up his chair iu 1714, and visited 

 Calabria, but after two years he returned to Rome, whore he refused 

 several offers of professorships in various German universities. Victo- 

 rius Amadeus, king of Sardinia, having offered him the chair of law 

 in the University of Turin, together with the prefectship of that 

 institution, Gravina was preparing to remove thither, but he died ia 

 January 1718. He left all his property to his disciple Trapassi, com- 

 monly called Metastasio, whom he had brought up in his house like a 

 son. The principal work of Qravina, for which he ranks high among 

 uriste, ia the ' Originum Juris Civilis, libri tres.' In tho first book, 

 De Ortu et Progrossu Juris Civilis,' he traces the origin of juris- 

 prudence from the first institutions of Rome, from tho division of tho 

 population into orders, from the political condition of the infant state, 

 ind from the laws of the kings collected afterwards by Sextus Papirius, 

 and known by the name of Jus Papirianum, of which fragments have 

 jeen preserved. This book ia in fact an elaborate treatise on the early 



