GREGORY XII. 



GREGORY, DAVID. 



M 



Of the pop- frwn Horn* Gregory died In 1878. and was tuocotded 

 by Urban VI. Hi* will, which U remarkable for the franknen of hi* 

 >U>. to found in irAoberv* ' SpicUagium. 1 Gregory w* the 

 fir* to cooann th* dootrioe* of Wioliff 



GREGORY XII., Angelo Coraaro. a native of Venice, wa* elected 

 after th. death of iDDOomt VII.. in November 1406, by part of the 

 eardiaal* MMmbfed at Rome. The *obi*m which had divided the 

 W**t*n Choreh ever aince 1379, when two pope* were elected by 

 Uwir rwp-cUre faction., .till continued, and Benedict, .tyled XIII.. 

 WM now the rival pop*. [BcxEDlcr, AxTiroPK.] The various princes 

 of Kurop* MKicht to put an end to tliii *Ute of thing*, nd a council 

 aamntiUd at Piu in 1409, deposed both Gregory and Benedict, and 

 ehoM Peter Philargi, a Candiote, who took the name of Alexander V. 

 But th* other two penuted in retaining their dignity ; and a* each 

 had *OOM cardinal* and other friend* and supporter* on hi* aide, the 

 Wtatorn Church had now three pope* instead of one. Gregory kept 

 hU court in the Kriuli, and Benedict in Catalonia. At lut the great 

 council of Cooatance, in 1415, pronounced ajain their deposition, and 

 Gregory ubniitting to it, he wa* appointed legate to the Marches of 

 Aneoaa, lie died at Reoanati in October 1417, being ninety-two years 

 o: .> . 



GREGORY XIII., I'go Buoncompagni, of Bologna, succeeded 

 Piu* V. in May 1572, when he wa* MTenty yean of age. He was 

 di*tingni-hcd for hi* learning, wpecially in civil and canon law, and 

 be ibowed considerable zeal for the promotion of education, by estab- 

 liahing and endowing college* at Rome and other towns of his states ; 

 among other* the Roman college which he built in 1582, after the 

 deaign of Ammanato, and which is also called the Gregorian College. 

 lie wa* the reformer of the Julian Calendar, and his reformation, 

 called the New Style, has been gradually adopted by all the nations 

 of Europe, except the Russians and Greeks. He also caused a new 

 and corrected edition of Gratian's 'Decretum' to be published, with 

 note*. [GRAHAM'S.] Gregory is said to have been naturally of a 

 mild disposition ; but being extremely zealous for the triumph of the 

 B/>tnn Catholic Church, he, at the beginning of his pontificate, allowed 

 public processions and thanksgivings at Rome when the news of the 

 St. Bartholomew massacre arrived there, although he probably had no 

 *bare in the plot The cardinal of Lorraine, who was then in that 

 city, wa* the chief promoter of these unchristian demonstrations. 

 Gregory also, from the same motive, was implicated in, and gave 

 encouragement to, some plots against Queen Elizabeth of England. 

 He had likewise disputes with Venice, the grand-duke of Tuscany, 

 and other governments, on the subject of ecclesiastical jurisdiction 

 and discipline. In the last year of his life he had the satisfaction of 

 receiving an embassy from Japan, where the Jesuits had mode numer- 

 ou> proselyte*. He died on the 10th of April 1585, and was succeeded 

 by Sixtu* V., who found full employment in clearing the Carnpagna of 

 the banditti whom hi* predecessor, mainly intent on maintaining and 

 extending the foreign influence of the papacy, had allowed to increase 

 in number and boldness to an alarming extent. 



GREGORY XIV., Nicola Sfondrato, of Cremona, succeeded 

 Urban VII. in December 1590, and died on the 15th of October of 

 the following year. During his short pontificate he showed great zeal 

 for the French league against Hear! IV., whom he excommunicated. 

 He was succeeded by Innocent IX. 



GREGORY XV., Alessandro Ludovisio, of Bologna, succeeded 

 Paul V. in February 1621. He was a man of much information, and 

 of a mild conciliatory spirit The first thing he did was to endeavour 

 to put an end to the disturbances of Valtellina, where the people, 

 at sijted by the Spanish governor of Milan, had revolted against the 

 Orisons, and massacred all the Protestants in the country. After a 

 sanguinary warfare between the Orisons, the Spaniards, and the 

 Austrian*, the court of France joined the pope, the republic of Venice, 

 and the duke of Savoy, for the purpose of putting an end to this 

 (tate of things, and it was agreed among the various powers that 

 Valtellina should be garrisoned by the papal troops, and that a French 

 axiliary corps should be stationed in the Orisons to protect them 

 againtt the Austrian* and Spaniard*, until the definitive settlement 

 of the difference*. Accordingly, Orezio Ludovisio, the pope's brother, 

 w* sc-nl to Vilullina with about 2000 men, and there was some talk 

 of placing ValUllina altogether under the see of Home, or giving it to 

 the pope's family, when f hortly after Gregory died, on the 8th of July 

 1628. He wi* the founder of the college De Propaganda Fide. He 

 1*0 wrote a letter to the Shah of Persia, ' Eputola ad Regem Per- 

 aarum Shah Abba*,' publiihed with note*, 8vo, 1627. He was succeeded 

 by Urban VI IL 



GREGORY XVI., Mauro Capellari, was born September 18, 1765, 

 at Bellono, in the Lombardo-Venetitn kingdom. He entered at an 

 early ge into the Cainaldolenaian order of monks, and having dis- 

 tinguished himself by hi* learning was elected their vicar-general. 

 Oath* 21*t of March 1825, Leo XII. created him a cardinal, and soon 

 afterward, appointed him prefect of the college De Propaganda Fide. 

 Under 1'ius VIII. he conducted the negociation on mixed oath* with 

 the kingdom of Pruatia, and wa* the author of the celebrated papal 

 brief of 1830. On th* 2nd of February 1831 he was elected pope, 

 and crowned on the 6th of February. In honour of the founder of 

 the college De Propaganda Fide, Gregory XV., be aasumed the name 

 of Gregory XYL He wu a inau of respectable character in private 



life, but his church administration was bigoted and exclusive, his 

 temporal government harsh and despotic. In the early part of his 

 reign he called in the Austrian* to suppress the disturbance* which 

 had broken out in the Legations, and his pontificate of fifteen yean 

 was nothing lew than a long oppression of his subjects. He died 

 June 1, 1846, and was succeeded by the present pope, I'iui IX. 



GREGORY. A family of this name is unusually distinguished in 

 the history of Scottish science. 



JAMES GREGORY, the first and most eminent, was son of the minister 

 of Dramoak in Aberdeensbire, born at Aberdeen in 1633 or 1639, and 

 educated at the university of that town. He went with credit through 

 the usual studies, and showed a peculiar turn for mathematics. 

 Especially he applied himself to optic* ; and before the age of twenty- 

 four had invented and published in his ' Optica Promota' a description 

 of the reflecting telescope which bears his name, and (till contimu u iu 

 the most general use. About 1665 or 1G66 he travelled to Italy, and 

 spent some yean in prosecuting his studies at Padua. There in 1667 

 he published hi* method of expressing circular and hyperbolic area* 

 by means of a converging series, which in the next year he followed 

 by a general method of measuring curved quantities, described by 

 Montuclu as a collection of curious and useful theorems for the trans- 

 formation and quadrature of curvilinear figures, the rectification of 

 curve*, the measurement of their solids of revolution, &<x, mostly 

 characterised by great elegance, and generalised in a way peculiar to 

 their author. Returning to London about 1668, he was elected F.R.S., 

 and soon after professor of mathematics at St. Andrews. That office 

 he held until 1674, when he accepted the same chair in Edinburgh. 

 In October 1675 he was suddenly struck blind, and died within a few 

 days, at the early age of thirty-six. 



His character is thus described by Dr. Mutton (' PhiL and Math. 

 Diet.') : "James Gregory was a man of very acute and penetrating 

 genius. His temper was in some degree an irritable one ; and, conscious 

 of his own merits as a discoverer, he seems to have been jealous of 

 losing any portion of his reputation by the improvement* of others on 

 his inventions. He possessed one of the most amiable characters of a 

 true philosopher, that of being content with his fortune iu his situation. 

 But the most brilliant part of his character is that of his mathematical 

 genius as an inventor, which was of the first order." Dr. Hutton pro- 

 ceeds to give a list of his chief inventions, which follows here in a 

 condensed form : Reflecting Telescope, Burning Mirrors, Quadrature 

 of Circle and Hyperbola, Method for the Transformation of Curves, 

 Demonstration that the Meridian Line is analogous to a scale of 

 Logarithmic Tangents of the Half-Complements of the Latitude (on 

 which the description of Mercator's Chart depends), Converging Series 

 for making Logarithms, Solution of the Keplerian Problem, Geome- 

 trical Method of drawing Tangents to Curves, Rule for the Direct and 

 Inverse Method of Tangents, Various Series for expressing the Length 

 of Curves, It is said that on learning that Newton had discovered a 

 general method of squaring all curves by infinite series, James Gregory 

 applied himself to the subject, and arrived at a similar one. This he 

 was strongly urged by his brother David to publish, but he very 

 generously refused to do so, on the ground that, as he had been led 

 to it by Newton's discovery, he was bound in honour to wait till 

 Newton should publish his. His great powers as a geometrician were 

 in some degree obscured by the length and intricacy of his methods. 

 This fault however he wished partly to correct by the study of 

 Newton's. His quadrature of the circle involved him iu a dispute 

 with Huygens, which led him to make improvements in his original 

 method. 



The following are James Gregory's works: 'Optica Promota, &c.,' 

 Lond., 1663 ; ' Vera Circuli et Hyperbolae Quadrature,' Patev., 1667; 

 'Geometric Pare Universalis," Patav., 1668; ' Exercitationes Geome- 

 tric*,' Lond., 1668; 'The Great and New Art of Weighing Vanity, 

 fee.' Glasgow, 1772, published under the assumed name of Patrick 

 Mathers, Archbeadle to the University of St. Andrews; and detached 

 papers and letters, published in the Philos. Trans. The ' Optica 

 Promota,' and the tract on ' Weighing Vanity ' (a silly satirical pro- 

 duction, the authorship of which is by no means certain), were reprinted 

 at the expense of Baron Mat-ores, in a collection of tracts called ' Scrip- 

 tores Optici,' London, 1S23. There are copious extracts from James 

 Gregory's works in the ' Commcrcium Epistolicum.' 



I IA vi n GREGORY was the son of James Gregory's elder brother David, 

 a remarkable man, skilled in medicine, philosophy, and mathematics, 

 and the first person, it is said, who possessed a barometer in Scotland. 

 (Hutton, 'Math. Diet') David Gregory was born at Aberdeen in 

 1661, and there received the early part of his education, which was 

 completed at Edinburgh. The possession of his uncle's papen is said 

 to have determined his bias to mathematics. At the age of twenty- 

 three he was appointed to the choir of mathematics at Edinburgh 

 which his uncle had formerly held, and he bos the distinguished merit 

 of being one of the first public teachers who introduced the Newtonian 

 philosophy into their schools. In 1691 he was chosen Savilian pro- 

 fessor of astronomy at Oxford, and admitted to the degree of M.D 

 He died October 10th 1708, leaving unfinished an edition of the Conic* 

 of Apollonius, which was completed by Halloy. 



David Gregory was a skilful and elegant mathematician, but inferior 

 to his uncle in inventive genius. His chief works are : ' Exercitatio 

 Geometrica de Dimeu&ione Figurarum, &o.,' Ediiib., 1684 ; ' Catoptricta 



