OUOTIUS, WILLIAM. 



GIlUTEi:, JOHN. 



titled 'Sopboapan*" ' (which signifies in Egyptian ' Saviour of th 

 World*). TJUTubject U the hfctory of Joeeph in Egypt It was 

 alo translated into English by Frauds Goldsmith, L >ndon, 1652 

 Besides time tngedU* be left many poetical compositions in Latin, o 

 UM lyrical lefliac, and epigrammatic kind, u well as many translation 

 from UM Greek poeU into Latin vene. Grotuu wrote some pieces o 

 iilllij in Oraek, and Mrenl Dutch poems, which are much etme< 

 by Us countrymen. His letter* have gone through maoy editions, o 

 which the last U that of Amsterdam, 1809. ' The Life of the Truly 

 Eminent and Learned HugoGrotiut,' containing a copious and circum 

 itontisl hutury of the several important and honourable negociationi 

 in which be was employed, together with a critical account of hi. 

 works, written originally in French by M. do Burijrny, appeared a' 

 I/omloo in 1754. 'The Life of Hugo Grotius, with Brief Minutes of 

 the Ciril, Ecclesiastical, and Literary History of the Netherlands,' by 

 Charles Butler, Esq., of Lincoln's Inn, London, 1826, is not equal to 

 Bunjrny work. 



UKOTIUS. WILLIAM, was born in 1597 at the Hague. He was 

 the younger brother of Hugo Grotiui, who directed his studies, anc 

 always behaved towards him with the greatest kiudnes*. William 

 Grotius became a learned aud prosperous lawyer. He died at the 

 Hague in 1668. 



William Grotius collected and published at Leyden, in 1617, the 

 Latin poems of his brother in 12mo. He himself wrote :' Isagoge 

 ad Praxin Fori Batavici,' Amsterdam, 1655, 4to; 'Enchiridion de 

 Principiii Juris Natural!*,' Hague, 1667, 4to ; ' Vitso Juriscousultorum 

 quorum in Pandectis extant Nomina,' Lcyden, 1690, 4to. 



GROUCHY, EMMANUEL, COMTE DE, Marshal and Peer of 

 France, was born in Paris, October 23rd, 1766. He entered the 

 artillery branch of the army in 17SO. He was already a captain ol 

 horse in 1784, aud in the course of the ensuing year, became one ol 

 the gardesKlu-corps of Louis XVI. However, no sooner did the first 

 dawn of tht" Revolution appear than he quitted the gardes-du-corps 

 and ardently embraced revolutionary principles. lu 1792, he was 

 made colonel of the 2nd regiment of dragoous, a few months later he 

 became major-general, an 1 was appointed to head the cavalry attached 

 to the army of the Alps. In that campaign Savoy was conquered by 

 Itoutecquieu and annexed to France, General Grouchy having mainly 

 contributed to its reduction. 



Though scarcely in bin 27th year, he began already to be esteemed 

 the first cavalry officer in the French armies. In 1 793, he was ordered 

 to join the army of the Cotes de Brest in La Veudde, relieved Nantes, 

 besieged by Charette, and by his skilful manoeuvres at the head of the 

 vanguard in the left wing he arrested the progress of the insurrection, 

 preventing at one time, and rendering abortive at another, the repeated 

 attempts of the royalists to open a commuoicatiou with the English. 

 At the battle of Sarriuieres, in a critical moment, seeing the repub- 

 lican infantry waver, Grouchy leapt from his horse, placed himself at 

 the head of a few hundred grenadiers, charged the Vendeans, and 

 in spite of a wound he received, wrested the victory from them. In 

 December 1793, on account of his noblesse, ho was removed from his 

 command ; but his soldiers having heard of his intended departure, 

 flocked to his quarters to prevent it, aud Grouchy had to rebuke their 

 attachment, and recal them to obedience. Shortly afterwards the 

 army of the insurgents having crossed the Loire, and approached the 

 district in which he was residing, Grouchy mingled in the rauks of 

 the National guards an a private soldier, and assisted in repulsing the 

 enemy. His retirement lasted but eight montbe. In September 1794, 

 Carnot gladly restored him to his dragoons; and on the llth of Juno 

 1795, confirmed him in his post of general of division, to which, the 

 soldiers themselves had raised him. Carnot, shortly after, offered him 

 the command of the army of the Cotes de Brest. The republic had, 

 at this juncture, three armies operating against the royalist*, and 

 Grouchy feeling that a divided command would injure the service, 

 declined the offer, and recommended that General Hoche should be 

 placed at the head of the three armies. This was done. Grouchy took 

 ervica under Hoche, aud defeated Charette in his iutrenchrneut at 

 Saint-Cyr; and toon after the Veudean chiefs, Charette and Stafflet, 

 were taken prisoners. At the beginning of 1797, Grouchy was ap- 

 jttioUd second in command of the army under Hoche, intended to 

 invade Ireland, but the French fleet having been dispersed by a 

 tempest, was compelled to regaiu the coasts of France. Karly in 1798, 

 be was ordered to Italy to join Joubert's army, shortly after com- 

 manded by M or eu, under whom, and at the head of a few troops, 

 b* took part in that celebrated campaign of Piedmont, where during six 

 weeks 25,000 French eoldiers held tbeir ground aud manoeuvred in 

 pretence of the Atutro-liutsian army of 80,000 men. Grouchy 

 afterward* distinguished himself at the battles of Valence and San 

 Juliano; aud on the 14th of June 1799, he defeated General Bellegarde 

 on the banks of the Bormida. At the battle of Novi, in which Joubert 

 was killed, Grouchy shared with Pcrignon the command of the left 

 whig, took 1200 Austrian prisoners, and charged the enemy eleven 

 times at the head of hi* dragoons ; but being placed between two fires, 

 11 from his hone, with fourteen wounds, and was taken by the 

 AuUrUiii. The Grand-Duke Constantiue sent his own surgeon to 

 attend him, ordered his servants to wait upon him, and offered him a 

 liberal sum of money. After his recovery and exchange, Moreau, 

 anxious to mark bis sense of Grouchy's services, put him at the head 



of bis grand division, consisting of 18,000 troops. At the battle of 

 Hohculinden, in 1800, he took fourteen pieces of artillery, and greatly 

 assisted in obtaining the victory. 



During the trial of Moreau, in 1804, Grouchy stood by the side of 

 bis leader, and gave him continual proofs of esteem and friendship. At 

 the battle of Zedeniok, Grouchy, at the head of his dragoons, routed 

 the Prussian horse, pursued the fugitives for nine miles, and utterly 

 destroyed the famous regiment of the Queen of Prussia. After the 

 combat of Prenzlau, October 27, 1 805, he pursued the enemy into the 

 town, and compelled several battalions to ground their arms. The 

 dismay produced by this exploit, obliged the prince of Hohenlohe to 

 sign a capitulation by which 16,000 men, 64 pieces of artillery, and 

 great stores of ammunition were given up to the French. General 

 Grouchy shortly after, meeting the Prussians near Lubeck, drove them 

 through the town, and well nigh captured Blucher. In the heat of 

 the battle of Friedland, June 14, 1807, he was again grievously 

 wounded, on which occasion his conduct was observed by the emperor, 

 who gave him the grand cordon of the legion of honour. Throughout 

 the Russian campaign, in 1812, his courage and intrepidity were con- 

 spicuous, and when Napoleon formed his sacred battalion, con- 

 sisting of none but [officers, whose duty was to watch over him, the 

 command of this chosen band was given to General Grouchy. This 

 wan, perhaps, the greatest act of real confidence ever shown by 

 Napoleon to a general officer; yet, in 1813, the Emperor refused 

 Grouchy's application for the command of a corps, and for a time he 

 abandoned the service. But the following year, when France was 

 invaded, he offered his services, and Napoleon gave him the command 

 of his cavalry. His name now appeared in almost every battle, ut 

 Brienne, January 26, 1814, at La Rothitre, Febuary 1, and at 

 Vauchamps, February 14. His bravery and skill, at this la-t tattle, 

 rang through all France ; the anger of Napoleon, which had lasted 

 ten years, gave way before it, and Grouchy was created a Marshal. 



After the battle of Ligny, Juno 16, 1815, Marshal Grouchy was 

 commissioned to pursue the retreating army of Blucher with a force of 

 34,000 cavalry, and 100 pieces of cannon. In consequence of these 

 orders, he found himself posted at Wavre, and was engaged in action 

 iiLjain-t the Prussian general Thielemann, whilst Napoleon was fighting 

 at Waterloo, on the 18th. The mar-dial heard the report of artillery, 

 and was strongly urged by his lieutenant-generals to march towards 

 the point whence it proceeded ; but he declared himself bound to 

 obey the orders he had received from the emperor on the 17th. Fatal 

 as the battle of Waterloo proved to the French arms, nothing was 

 publicly eaid at that period against Grouchy's conduct, nor for throe 

 years after. After the second abdication of Napoleon, the Provisional 

 government appointed the marshal to the united command of all the 

 corps of the Grand army ; but the entire muster only amounted to 

 45,000 men. 



Banished from France, after the return of Louis XVIIL, he with- 

 drew to the United States, where he was living in 1818, when the 

 narrative of the battle of Waterloo, dictated to General Gourgauii, at 

 St. Helena, was published. In this account a charge of treachery was 

 made for the first time against him. Grouchy returned to France, in 

 L819. He was reinstated in all his titles and honours in 1631, by 

 Louis Philippe, and died at Saint-Etienne, May 29, 1847, having been 

 sixty-seven years in the French armies. 



GRUTKK, JOHN, an eminent scholar and critic, was born at Ant- 

 werp, December 3, 1 5tiO. He may be esteemed half on Englishman, 

 x'ing of an English mother, learned and able, who U reported to have 

 seen his childhood's chief instructor. Moreover, hU family being 1'ro- 

 iestant, and driven from Antwerp on account of their religion, he 

 spent his boyhood in England, and studied several years at Cambridge, 

 which he quitted to go to Ley den at the age of nineteen. His biography, 

 as to dates and places, is not clearly made out. His first academic 

 employment was at Wittemberg, aa professor of history. Tliii ho left, 

 rather than compromise his adherence to the Protestaut religion. The 

 >rofessorship of belles-lettres at Padua, a place of much emolument, he 

 lecliued on similar considerations. In 1602 we find him a professor at 

 leidelberg but know not in what branch of learning : he had also the 

 direction of the public library. He himself made a very valuable col- 

 ection of books, at the expense of 12,000 crowns, which was lost in the 

 sack of Heidelberg by Tilly in 1622. After this he received invitations 

 rom several universities, none of which were accepted. He continued 

 o reside near Heidelberg until his death, September 20, 1627. 



Gruter was more remarkable for industry than for brilliancy of 

 aleut : it is said that he published a book almost every mouth, 

 which, of course, is an exaggeration ; but any one of whom this could 

 >e said, must have published a great deal not worth remembering, 

 .'he catalogue of his works in Nicerou (v. 9) extends only to thirty- 

 wo. It includes editions of, or note"* on, Seneca, Statius, Martial, 

 'acitiin, Yell. Paterculus, Floras, Livy, Sallust, Pliny, Onosander, 

 'anegyrici Veteres, Hiatoriic Augustio Scriptores, Latini Miuores, 

 ,'iccro, and Publiua Syrus. His chief work was ' Inscriptions 

 LUtiquio totius Orbis Romani,' Heidelberg, 1601 : a repository of all 

 hen known inscriptions, which alone, it has been said, would be 

 nough for the glory of Gruter. The original work however is super- 

 eded by a second edition, by Gncvius, Anist, 1707, 4 vols., 161. : 

 Lampas,' 6 vols. Svo., 1602, deserves meutiou as a collection of rare 

 r unpublished critical notices on all manner of subjects, by variou.-s 



