SI* 



OUERIN, PIEBRE-NARCISSK, BARON. 



GUICCIARDINI, FRANCESCO. 



IM 



olioitoxle, and liesled thm with uniform kindness and indulgence. 

 H. (reqaraUy rvitod UM principal cities of luly, when he mat with 

 aple Maploymeat, and a* be designed and worked with great readi- 

 Mat od (aothty, hu production* were wry numerous. HU fixed place 

 at residence hoir.cr was Cento, where he remained UU the death of 

 hi* trUod and competitor Ouido lUoi, whn he remoTed to Bologna. 

 The in*til applauM which th public lavished on the work* of Guido 

 induced him to adopt a third rtyle, in which he endeaToured to attain 

 UK tatvity of "** of that artist ; but though he sometime* sue- 

 undid, yet on the whole hi* work* in thi* third style are inferior to 

 thaw of the second, being deficient in the stamp of originality, for the 

 want of which no imiution, however uocenful, can compenatte. 



Queraoo died at Bologna in 1666, in the *eventy-ixth year of hi* 

 age. He bore a high character for regular conduct, modesty, freedom 

 Iron all petty jealoiuy, and generality. He wa* well informed, agree- 

 able in conversation, and died unmarried, leaving a large property to 

 hi* relation*. HU work* are at Rome, Parma, Placenta, Modena, and 

 Begrr, and in moat of the museum* and cabinet* of Europe. A very 

 good ipecimen of hi* beet manner, ' Angel* Weeping over the Dead 

 Body of Christ,' i* in the National Oallery. 



OUERIN, PIERKE-XAKCISSK, BARON, a distingniahed French 

 painter, born at Pari* in 1774, wa* the pupil of J. B. Kegnault Hi* 

 work* are the perfection of manner in imitation of the antique ; they 

 display notwithstanding great skill and perseverance. By antique 

 manner in panting i meant what may be termed a literal translation 

 into colour of the common characteristic ideal forms of Greek sculpture 

 and besii-rilievi, without giving them life or motion ; such pictures 

 are evidently paint, and sometimes have the effect of a show of painted 

 statues, in which each figure is independent of its neighbour. The 

 works of Goerin may be justly censured for this defect, even more so 

 than those of David ; but it is perhaps made more obvious in the 

 works of Guerin, as his subjects are mostly antique and in antique 

 costume. The following are hi* principal works : The first which 

 attracted general attention was, ' Marcus Sextus, having escaped the 

 proscriptions of Sulla, returns, and finds his daughter weeping by the 

 side of her dead mother,' exhibited in 1798; in 1802 he exhibited an 

 Offering to ^Ksculapius,' and Hippolytus, accused by Phaxlra, 

 brought before Theseus ;' in 1808, ' Bonaparte pardoning those who 

 had revolted at Cairo;' in 1810, 'Pyrrhus and Andromache,' and 

 'Cepbalu* and Aurora;' in 1817, 'Dido listening to the story of 

 ,/Eneas,' ' ..VgUthus urging Clytemnestra to murder Agamemnon,' and 

 ' St. Geneviove.' All these work* have been engraved ; the ' Cephalus 

 and Aurora' by Forster: this subject is suited to Guerin's style, and 

 it is one of the most beautiful of his works ; it i* in the Somariva 

 collection. ' vEneas recounting the fate of Troy to Dido,' likewise 

 engraved by Forster, is a gorgeous and elaborate work, especially in 

 costume and accessories ; but it wants chiar-oacuro, and has the defect 

 already noticed in the highest degree. It is now in the Louvre, along 

 with *everal other of his beat works. The ' Ke'voltcs du Caire ' is at 

 Versailles. 



Ouerin was appointed a professor in the ficole Royal des Beaux- Arts 

 in 1814, and he was some years director of the French Academy at 

 Rome : he was created baron after his return from Rome in 1829. lie 

 died at Rome, July 16th 1833. He was member of the Institute and 

 many foreign academies, and chevalier of the Legion d'Honneur and 

 of the order of St Michel. 



GUESCLIN, BEHTHAND DU, was born in 1314, at the castle of 

 Motto Broon, near Rennes. He was of a very strong make, but 

 exceedingly plain ; and accordingly he used to say, " I am very ugly, 

 and shall never please the ladies ; but I shall make myself dreaded by 

 the enemies of my king." He could never learn to read or write, 

 although he had a master ; but he received in the house of his father 

 that military education which was usually given to the nobles of his 

 time. At the age of seventeen he distinguished himself at a tourna- 

 ment, and having immediately afterwards entered on his military 

 career, he fought successfully in many battles and sieges against the 

 English. By degrees he rose in rank ; and after the capture of King 

 John of France at the battle of Poitiers, he upheld by his efforts tho 

 cause of France against the formidable Black Prince, and obtained 

 many advantage* over the English. A short time after the accession 

 of Charles V., in 1364, he gained a great victory at Cocherel over the 

 army of the king of Navarre, for which he wa* rewarded with the 

 office of marsh*! of Normandy, and created Count de Longucville. In 

 UM same year he wa* defeated by the English, and was obliged to sur- 

 render to Sir John Chandot. Peace being soon afterwards concluded, 

 Da Goetclin wa* liberated on the payment of a ransom of 100,000 francs. 

 At that time a great number of soldiers who were disbanded on the 

 conclusion of peace, a* well a* many noble* of variou* nation*, united 

 under several leaden, and oppressed the country under the name of 

 the 'grand oompagnies.' Charles commissioned Du Guesclin to rid 

 France of thi* annoyance, leaving him tho ohoioe of hi* own means. 

 1'u i iuesclin persuaded many of these adventurers who had served 

 under hi* command to accompany him to Spain, in order to fight 

 agauut the Saracen*. He gave them 200,000 golden florins, and pro- 

 mised that they would meet somebody on tho road who would give 

 them n equal sum. The oompagnie* following him with the greatest 

 enthusiasm, marched upon Avignon, which at that time was the papal 

 The pope had excommunicated the eompagnie*: they 



now asked for absolution and 200,000 franca. The absolution was 

 granted, but the money wa* refused. Tne oompagnie* however, 

 beginuing to ravage the environ* and to menace the town, obtained 

 100,000 franca, besides the absolution. 



Du Queiclin did not lead his new troops against the Saracens, but 

 against Peter the Cruel, king of Castile, and in support of his natural 

 brother Henry of Trastamare. Peter was driven from his throne, and 

 Henry established in his place. Du Guesclin was rewarded with wealth 

 and honours by Henry, and returned to France; but Peter having ob- 

 tained assistance at Bordeaux from the Black Prince, returned with a 

 formidable army led by his ally. Du Guesclin, who hastened to the 

 assistance of Henry, was defeated and taken prisoner. He remained 

 for some time at Bordeaux, but a friend of his adroitly hinting to the 

 Black Prince that some people believed that he kept Du Uueucliu in 

 prison only because he was afraid of restoring him to liberty, the 

 chivalrous prince sent for Du Guesclin, telling him that he asked only 

 100 francs for his ransom, or even less, if he thought that sum too 

 huge. Du Guesolio offered 100,000 golden florins ; and on the prince 

 saying that it was too much, he declared that he would not give less 

 than 70,000 golden florin*, and that, although he was himself a poor 

 knight, his friends the lungs of Castile and France would pay that sum. 



Du Guesclin again joined Henry of Trastamare against Pet -r the 

 Cruel, who, in spite of the assistance given to him by the Moorish 

 kings of Spain, was defeated and put to death, and his rival estab- 

 lished on the throne of Castile. In 13t>9, when war had begun again 

 between France and England, Du Guesclin was successful in nearly 

 every engagement, and took from tbe English many place", which 

 were reunited to France. He wa* afterwards employed in liretagne 

 with great success ; but having at last met with some reverse*, be 

 was calumniated to the king, who loudly manifested his discontent.. 

 Du Guesclin felt the injury so deeply that he resigned his command, 

 and resolved to go to Spain, in order to spend the remainder of his 

 life with Henry of Trastamare, whom he had established on the 

 throne of Castile. All the representations of his friends against this 

 resolution were unavailing. His only wish, before leaving his country 

 for ever, was to assist his friend Saucerre in the capture of the castle 

 of Uandam. He died during the siege of that place in 1380, in the 

 66th year of his age. 



Du Guesclin is one of tho most popular heroes of France, and his 

 life has often been written. His first biography was published at 

 Abbeville in 1487, entitled ' Le Triomphe des Neuf Preux, ou Histoire 

 de Bertrand Du Guesclin.' 



GUIBELINES. [GuELPBS AND GHIBELISES.] 



GUICCIARDI'NI, FRANCESCO, boru at Florence, in 1482, of a 

 noble family, distinguished himself early in the study of the law, of 

 which science he was made professor iu his native city. In 1512 he 

 was sent by bis countrymen as ambassador to Ferdinand of Aragou, 

 whose arms had become formidable in Italy. Guicciardini appears to 

 have fulfilled his mission in such a manner as to establish a high 

 opinion of his diplomatic abilities. In the following year he was sent 

 ou a mission to Leo X., who, being pleased with him, took him into 

 his service, employed him in various important affairs, and finally 

 appointed him governor of Modona, and afterwards of Parma, both 

 which countries were then in the possession of the pope. After the 

 death of Leo, and the short pontificate of Adrian VI., Clement VII., 

 who succeeded to the papal chair, retained Guicciardiui iu his service, 

 and trusted implicitly to him as his chief adviser, especially on the 

 affairs of Florence. After the surrender of that city to the imperial 

 and papal arms, in 1530, Guicciardiui, as the agent of the pope and 

 the Medici, had a considerable share in the changes that took place in 

 the government of the republic ; and he is reproached with having 

 advised the proscription of the popular leaders. Afterwards ha and 

 the other adherents of the Medici resorted to the old expedient used 

 in turns by the various factions, of calling together a parliament, or 

 general assembly of the people, in the great square, which assembly 

 voted the appointment of a bolia, or dictatorial commission, which 

 appointed a senate of forty-eight members, and this senate in its turn 

 appointed all the subordinate magistrates, buth administrative and 

 judicial. It also established a commission of twelve, with the name 

 of ' reformers of the state.' Tho members of this commission were 

 chosen from among the adherents of the Medici, and Guicciardini was 

 one, and the most influcntal of the number. The twelve began by 

 abolishing the old authorities of the republic, the Gonfaloniere and the 

 Priori, and proclaiming Alessandro de' Medici duke of Florence. The 

 new duke had a foreign guard at the public palace, or town-hall, where 

 he fixed his residence, and he began building a citadel to overawe the 

 people. Filippo Stroz/.i, one of the twelve, who afterwards became 

 tho leader of the disaffected, furnished him with money to complete 

 the work. Strozziand others being soon disgusted at the haughtiness 

 and licentiousness of the duke, left Florence and went to Naples to 

 lay their complaints before the emperor Charles V., who had been a 

 party to the capitulation of 1530, by which the liberties of Florence 

 were guaranteed. The Duke Alessandro also repaired thither with 

 Guicciardini, who had remained attached to him, and when tbe 

 emperor communicated to him the accusations of the refugees, and 

 asked for hi* reply, the duko entrusted Guicciardiui with his defence. 

 Guicciardini'* answer was sophistically though cleverly written. He 

 contended that the changes made in the government of Florence had 



