GUIONES. JOSKPH DB. 



OCTIZOT, FRANCOIS-PIEURE-GUlLLArMK. 



Palace, OM of U mart *oellent worka, There an Mveral of 

 picture* in UM National Gallery, inclu.iing tome of Urge sire and 



QtnONES, JOSKPH HE. wa* born in 1 721 at Pontoise, and studied 

 UM Oriental buu|r** under Stephen Kourmnnt In 1745 he wu 

 Bomlnated Oriental interpreter to the roynl library in the place of 

 Konmiont, aod in 1768 a choeen a member of the Acadlmie- dc 

 B*UM Uttra*. The French rerolution reduced him to great desti- 

 tution, out be supported hi* misfortune with equanimity, and refused 

 to accept aay aaBfeUno*. He died at Pari* in 1800. 



Hi* 'HUtoire GiWrale del Huns, dea Turcs, des Mogola, et del 

 aotm Tartar** Ooddentaux,' Paris, 1756-58, 5 Tola, in 4 to, is written 

 with (rrrat industry, and founded upon Oriental authorities, many of 

 which had not ben made use of before ; but the work is defective in 

 point of criticism and style. He has however the undoubted merit of 

 Ming the first writer who attempted to compare the accounts of 

 Western author* with those of China. He was the first who also 

 attempted to diacorer the origin of the llunn, Turks, Avars, and 

 other barbarous nations, and to trace out the road by which they 

 reached the west of Asia and Europe. The other principal works of 

 Da Ouignes are twenty-eight memoirs inserted in the collection of 

 the Memoirs of the Academic dea Inscriptions. The most important 

 of th<m are 'Hemoires nir quelquea Evdnemens qui concernent 

 I'Histoire des Roil Greca de la Bactriane;' 'Sur quelques Peuples 

 qui ont rnvahi 1'Empire Remain ;' 'Sur les Liaisons et la Commerce 

 de* Romains arec lea Tartares et lei Chinoia.' Many of his memoirs 

 are defigned to prove the Egyptian origin of the Chinese. Of these 

 the principal is entitled, ' Mlmoire dans lequel, apres avoir examine 1 

 1'Origine des Lettrea Pheniciennes et Htbraiques, on essaie d'ctablir 

 que le caractere e'pittolique, hidroglyphique, et symbolique des 

 Egyptiens se retrouvent dans les caracteres Chinois, et que la nation 

 ChinoUe eat une colonie Egyptienne.' The * Mdmoire sur le Com- 

 merce des Francois duns le Levant avant les Croisades,' is one of con- 

 siderable value. De Guignes wrote many able papers for the ' Journal 

 dea Savans,' of which he was one of the moat active editors for 

 thirty-fire years. He left in manuscript 1, ' Diverses Notices des 

 Auteurs Arabes ; ' 2, ' Memoire sur le Commerce des Chinois avec les 

 Runes ; ' 8, ' Histoire de la Chine,' compiled from Chinese authors ; 

 4, 'Me'moirei Historiques et Geographiquea sur 1'Afriques d'apres les 

 Auteurs Arabes.' He also edited, 1, the translation of ' Choo-Kiug,' 

 1770, by Gaubil, which he revised and corrected according to the 

 Chinese text, and enriched with very valuable notes ; 2, ' Eloge de la 

 Ville Moukden, Poeme Chinois, composd par 1'Empereur Kienlong.' 

 1770, and ' L'Art Militaire des Chinois,' 1771, both translated by le 

 Pore Atniot. 



GUISCHARP, CHARLES, a colonel in the service of Frederick the 

 Great, distinguished himself in the Seven Years' War, after the end of 

 which he availed himself of the leisure of peace to write several works 

 on the military art of the ancients: 1. 'Me'moires Militaires sur les 

 Oreca et lei Romains,' in which he criticises the opinions of Folard, 

 and exposes his mistakes. [Foi.ARD, J. C. DE.] 2. ' M6moires His- 

 toriqnes et Critiques Bur plusicurs Points d'Antiquites Militaires,' 

 which contains a reply to the Chevalier I.ooz, who had written a book 

 in defence of Folard. 



GUISE, or OUYSE, DUKES OF, the title of a branch of the 

 sovereign nouae of Lorraine, which settled in France at the beginning 

 of the sixteenth century. Claude of Lorraine, fifth son of Rend II., 

 duke of Lorraine, and of Philippa of Ouelderland, after contesting his 

 father's succession with his elder brother, went to France, where he 

 married Antoinette de Bourbon in 1513. He served with distinction 

 in the French armies, and was severely wounded at the battle of 

 Marignan in 1515. In 1527, Francis I. made him duke of Guise in 

 Picardy, and peer of France. He died in 1550, leaving a numerous 

 family. One of his daughters married James V., king of Scotland, by 

 whom she had Mary Stuart Claude's eldest son, Francis, born in 

 1519, incceeded to the title of duke of Guise. He had been previously 

 mule by Henri II. duke of Aumale, or Albemarle, in Normandy, in 

 647, and he married Anna of Bate, daughter of the duke of Ferrara, 

 and grand-daughter, by her mother Rence, of Louis XII. Francis of 

 Guise wns the most illustrious of his family, both for his military 

 talents and for his humanity and generosity, qualities not very 

 common among the warriors of that age. Owing to a severe wound 

 which he received in bis face at the siege of Boulogne in 1645, and 

 which left a tear for the rest of his life, ho was called Balafro", or 

 Scarred.' He fought in the wars againit Charles V., and afterwards 

 against Philip IL, and took Calai* from the English, who had possessed 

 it for more thnn two centuries. He and his brother Charles, cardinal 

 of Lorraine, hail the principal share in the government of France under 

 the reigni of Henri II. and Francis II. The conspiracy of Atuboiie 

 (a* it wu called) by the Calviniiti and the prince of Conde*. was 

 intended to overthrow the power of the Guises; but the duke having 

 bad timely information of it, removed the king, Francis II., to 

 Amboiie, and ba<l himself appointed lieutenantgeneral of the king- 

 dom, upon which moit of the conspirators were arrested and 

 executed. Under Charles IX. the influence of the Guises somewhat 

 declined, the court being divided between two parties, that of Guise 

 and that of Conde* and Coligny. The war of religion having broken 

 ont in 1582 by the affray nt Vany, where the Duke of Guile'* servants 



and attendants killed a number of G.lvinUU, the duke fought under 

 the Constable of Montmorency at the battln of Dreux. Shortly after 

 he was murdered in his camp before Orleans by Poltrot de Mun?, a 

 Calvinist, who looked upon him as the most formidable enemy of his 

 co-religionists. 



The character of Francis duke of Guise has been the object of much 

 angry distortion, in consequence of his having lived in times of 

 religious and civil strife. Francis's eldest son, Henry, also called the 

 Balafrt, from a scar which he received in battle, succeeded to his 

 father's title*, and became the leader of his powerful party. Less 

 magnanimous and more factious than his father, he mixed deeply in 

 all the intrigue* and plots of the League, a political and religious asso- 

 ciation first projected by his uncle, the cardinal of Lorraine, ostensibly 

 for the purpose of defending the Roman Catholic religion and the 

 king, but in reality to rule over both king and kingdom for party 

 purposes. Henri of Guise was one of the advisors of the St. Bartho- 

 lomew, and he ordered the murder of Coligny. He excited the fury 

 of the bigoted populace against the Calvinists, whom he not only 

 defeated in battle, but hunted down in every part of the kingdom, 

 with all the ruthlewnes* of personal hatred. After the death of the 

 imbecile Charles IX., he ruled at will over the weak and profligate 

 Henri III., and obliged him to break the promises of peace and 

 toleration which he had made to the CalvioUt). Henri III. however, 

 and even his mother Catherine of Medici, became jealous of the 

 ambition and weary of the insolence of the Guises, and the duke was 

 forbidden to appear at the court and at Paris. Upon this he then 

 openly raised the standard of revolt against his sovereign, and defeated 

 him in his own capital on the 12th of May 1588. This was called the 

 'Day of the Barricades.' The king left Paris, and withdrew to Cliartres, 

 from whence he convoked the states-general of the kingdom to assemble 

 at Blois. There seems no doubt that the faction of the Guises intended 

 to dethrone Henri, and that for that purpose it kept up a treacherous 

 correspondence with the Spaniards, who were then the enemies of 

 France, and the pope. The states were opened at Blois on the 16th of 

 October 1588, and the deputies were found to be almost wholly in the 

 interest of the Duke of Guise and his brother the cardinal, who were 

 present. The session was stormy, and the royal authority in danger. 

 The duke demanded to be appointed high-constable and general-iu- 

 chief of the kingdom. Henri III., pusillanimous and unprincipled, 

 and advised by courtiers as wicked as himself, resorted to assassination 

 in order to get rid of the Guises. Crillon, the commander of the 

 French guards, was sounded for the purpose. " I will fight him 

 openly," answered that brave officer, "and shall endeavour to kill 

 him." This did not suit Henri, who found a more docile instrument 

 in Lognac, first gentleman of the chamber, who picked out nine 

 Gascons of the new body-guard, and concealed them in the king's 

 closet. As the Duke of Guise was entering the royal apartment on the 

 23rd of December 1588, he was pierced with daggers, and expired, 

 exclaiming " God, have mercy upon me ! " He died at thirty-eight 

 years of age. He was brave, fearless, and generous to his friends, but 

 unprincipled, unscrupulous, ambitious, and cruel to bis enemies. The 

 cardinal his brother was arrested and killed in prison the next day. 

 Their brother, the Duke of Mayeuue, being absent, saved bis life. 

 Charles, eldest eon of Henry Guise, who was yet a boy, was arrested 

 at Blois, and confined in the castle of Tours, from which he escaped in 

 1591. He and his uncle of Maycnne, and his cousin Charles duke of 

 Auinale, became the leaders of the League against Henri IV. 

 [ArMAT.E.j After that king's abjuration Charles duke of Guise sub- 

 mitted to him in 1594, and the Duke of Mayenne followed his example 

 next year. Charles was made Governor of Provence, but under the 

 following reign of Louis XIII. Cardinal Richelieu, jealous of his name 

 and influence, obliged him to leave France. He retired to Tuscany, 

 where he died in 1640. His son Henry II., born in 1614, was at first 

 brought up for the Church ; but after the death of his elder brother 

 he quitted the clerical state, and assumed the title of Duke of Guise. 

 Having conspired against Cardinal Richelieu, he was tried by the 

 parliament, and condemned, par contumace, in 1641. In 1647 he 

 placed himself at the head of the revolted Neapolitans [ANIELLO 

 TOMASSO], but was taken prisoner by the Spaniards ; and being released 

 in 1652, be returned to Paris, where he died iu 1664, leaving no issue. 

 His ' Mcmoires ' were published after his death. His younger brother, 

 Louis duke of Joyeuse, left a son, Louis Joseph of Lorraine, duke of 

 Guise, who died in 1671, leaving an infant son, who died in 1675, 

 five years of age. The line of the Guises thus became extinct ; but 

 the collateral branch of the dukes of Elboouf has continued to the 

 present time. 



GUIZOT, FRANCOIS-PIERRE-GUILLAUME, was born October 

 4, 1787, at Ntmes, iu the French department of Gard, where his 

 father, Francois-Andre" Guizot, an advocate of distinction, and a 

 1'rotcstunt, became one of the victims of the French Revolution, ami 

 was executed on the 8th of April, 1794. The widow, left with two 

 sons, of whom Francois was the elder, removed from her native town 

 to Geneva, where she had some relatives, and where she hoped to 

 obtain a better education for her children. After having completed 

 his studies in the gymnasium of Geneva with extraordinary success, 

 and acquired the Greek, Latin, German, English, and Italian languages, 

 M. Guizot in 1805 proceeded to Paris for the purpose of studying 

 jurisprudence, the schools of law having been re-estalilished iu 1804 



