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GUIZOT, FRANCOIS-riERRE-GUILLAUME. 



GUNST, PIETER VAN. 



228 



Instead, however, of prosecuting this study, he accepted an engagi 

 ment as tutor in the family of M. Stapfer, who had been for man 

 years ambassador from Switzerland to Paris, and by him was intro 

 duced to M. Suard, in whose reception-rooma he had the opportunit 

 of becoming acquainted with some of the most distinguished literar 



Roman Empire,' with historical notes by the editor. M. Guizot hac 

 been for some time a periodical writer, and his 'Annales d'Education 

 6 vols. 8vo, extend from 1811 to 1813. His talents were alread 

 known, when in 1812 M. de Fontanes attached him to the Universit, 

 of Paris aa assistant in the Professorship of History in the Faculty o" 

 Letters, and not long afterwards named him Professor of Modern 

 Hittory, a chair which he was peculiarly fitted to occupy with dis 

 tinction. In the winter of 1812 he married Mademoiselle Pauline d 

 Meulan, a lady of birth, whose family had been ruined by th 

 Revolution, and who supported herself and others of her family by 

 journalism. She was considerably older than himself, but maintainec 

 her inBuence over him as long as she lived. In the winter, whil 

 M. Guizot was occupied with bis duties as Professor of Modern 

 History lie formed an intimate acquaintance with M. Royer-Collard 

 who was then Professor of the History of Philosophy. 



In the year 1814 M. Guizot paid a visit to his mother, who was 

 then residing in her native town of Nlmes. Before his return 

 Louis XVIII. had been seated on the throne of his ancestors ; and the 

 young professor was indebted to the active friendship of M. Royer 

 Collard for the patronage of M. Montesquieu, then minister of th< 

 interior, who appointed him his secretaire-general. This was the firsi 

 step of M. Guizot in the career of politics. The return of Napoleon I 

 from the island of Elba displaced him from his political situation 

 and he resumed his occupation as Professor of History. After the 

 restoration of Louis XVIII. M. Guizot wa appointed secretaire- 

 general to the Minister of Justice, and his execution of the duties o 

 this office was strongly censured by the ultra-royalists. His 6rei 

 political pamphlet, 'Du Gouvernement Represcntatif et de 1'Etal 

 Actuel de la France ' placed him in the ranks of the constitutions 

 royalists. In his 'Essai sur 1'Instruetion Publique,' published in 

 1816, he defended the cause of public education again-t the attacks o] 

 the Jesuits. In 1818 he waa named Conseiller d'Etat, and while 

 M. Decazes was Minister of the Interior, M. Guizot had an office 

 specially formed for him in the communal administration of the 

 departments. 



After the assassination of the Due de Berri, February 14, 1820, the 

 ultra-royalist party gained the ascendancy, and the constitutional 

 royalists, M. Decaze, M. Royer-Collard, M. Guizot, and the rest, were 

 expelled from office. In the years 1820-22 M. Guizot published 

 several political pamphlets directed generally against tho administra- 

 tion of M. Villclc. His treatise 'Des Moyens d'Opposition et de 

 Gouvernement dans 1'Etat Actuel de la France,' published in 1S21, 

 may be regarded as an exposition of hi* own political principles. Hit 

 lii^t rical lectures at the Sorbonne were attended by crowded 

 audiences, but the free expression of his opinions gave offence to the 

 government, and hi* lectures were suspended. M. Guizot then 

 relinquished politics for a time, an 1 resumed his historical researches. 

 In the period from 1822 to 1827. he published a 'Collection des 

 Me*moireg rrlatifa a 1'Histoire de la Revolution d'Angleterre,' a ' Col- 

 lection des M< : moires relatifs a I'Ancienne Histoire de France,' ' Easaia 

 sur 1'Histoire de Franc-,' the first part of bis ' Histoire de la Revolu- 

 tion d'Angleterre,' comprising the whole of the reign of Charles I., 

 and his ' K'sais Historiqucs sur Shakespeare.' Heal<o established the 

 ' Revue Francaise,' and was one of the founders of the society called 

 "Aide-toi, le Ciel t'aHera" (Assist thyself, and Heaven will assist 

 thee), the object of which was to secure the freedom of elections. 



In 1828 the ministry of M. de Hartignac allowed him to resume his 

 lectures at the Sorbonne ; they were attended by very large numbers, 

 and occupied much of his time from 1828 to 1830. At the end of 

 1328 he married his second wife, niece of his first wife, who when 

 she was dying advised the union. In 1829 he was re-appointed Con- 

 sciller d' ft tat, and in the same year became part-editor of the ' Journal 

 des D<5bata ' and of ' Le Temps.' In January 1830 he was elected for 

 the first time a member of the Chamber of Deputies by the 

 arrondiatement of Lisieux, department of Calvados, where he had an 

 i-t.it.>. 



M. Guizot bad assisted largely in producing the Revolution of 1830, 

 which expelled Charles X. and introduced Louis-Philippe, and the 

 commission which sat in the Hotel de Ville on the 31st of July 

 named him Minister of Public Instruction, and the next day appointed 

 him Minister of the Interior. The ordinances of the 2nd of Novem- 

 ber in the same year put an end to his ministry ; he opposed that of 

 Lafittr, who succeeded him, and supported strongly that of Casimir 

 Pt'rier. In the cabinet of the llth of October 1832, of which Marshal 

 Soult was the head, he became ajrain the Minister of Public Instruc- 

 tion. In liin department of the government many important reforms 

 were carried, out. The law of the 28th of June 1833, on primary 

 education, prepared by himself, raised in a brief period, in 9000 com- 

 munes, the village school-room fur the instruction of the village poor. 

 This ministry was dissolved February 22, 1836, but under the ministry 

 DIOO. D1V. VOL. III. 



of M. Mole!, which followed, he was recalled to his former office. He 

 aftewards accepted an embassy to London, under the ministry of 

 M. Thiers, but the treaty which he concluded July 15, 1840, was 

 received with much dissatisfaction in France. 



The ministry of M. Thiers was dissolved, and though in the cabinet 

 of October 29, 1840, the Duke of Dalmatia (Soult) was president of 

 the council, M. Guizot, who became Minister of Foreign Affairs, was 

 in fact the head of the government. The long ministry of M. Guizot 

 was terminated February 24, 1848, by tho abdication and flight of the 

 king, Louis-Philippe. M. Guizot himself made his escape in the dress 

 of a workman; he waa allowed to return to Franco iu 1849, when he 

 also returned to politics by his pamphlet, 'De la Dtiniocratie en 

 France.' He also published in the 'Revue Contemporaiue,' the 

 articles ' Pourquoi la Revolution d'Angleterre a-t-elle rtmssi? ;' ' Monk, 

 ou la Fin de la Revolution d'Augleterre ; ' and ' Portraits Politiques ' 

 of several men of eminence. After tho death of Louis-Philippe ill 

 1850 he is understood to have joined the Bourbon party called the 

 Fusion, and to have become one of the supporters of the journal 

 called ' L' Assemble! Nationale,' which represents that party. After 

 the coup d'etat he published in the ' Revue Contemporaine ' an article 

 ' Cromwell serait il Roi ? ' Cromwell in a short time became Emperor, 

 and those who desire to see a constitutional government established 

 in France must wait. 



M. Guizot's ' Histoiro de la Civilisation,' 5 vols. Svo, contains the 

 substance of his lectures delivered at the Sorbonne. His ' Histoire de 

 la Revolution d'Angleterre ' was extended in 1852 by the ' History of 

 Oliver Cromwell,' and completed this year (1856) by the ' History 

 of Richard Cromwell, and the Restoration of Charles II.' All these 



des Beaux Arts en General,' and a small work on the ' Married Life of 

 Rachel Lady Russel.' 



GULDI'NUS, or GULDIN, HABAKKUK, afterwards Paul, was 

 born at St. Gall in 1577, aud was bred a Protestant, but became a 

 Roman Catholic in or before 1 597, in which year he took the vows of 

 a Jesuit, as ' coadjutor temporalis.' Having shown a talent for mathe- 

 matics, he was allowed to study at Rome, and afterwards taught, first 

 at Gratz, then at Vienna. He wrote for the Gregorian Calendar 

 against Calvisius, and against Scaliger, on the precession of the equi- 

 noxes ; also on the geographical problem of the method of numbering 

 the days of those who sail to the new world, ou Ceutrobarycs, and 

 other things. He died iu 1643. This is the account given by Riccioli 

 of a writer whose memory would not have required notice in this 

 work if it had not been for some propositions mentioned by Pappus, 

 which he appropriated without acknowledgement, aud which for a 

 long time passed uuder his name. Tlie<e propositions, though they 

 now merge iu au elementary formula of the integral calculus, aud are 

 not used in the form in which Pappus aud Guldinus exhibited them, 

 nevertheless give a very good conception of the properties of the centre 

 of figure, and, uuder the title of the ' Centrobaryc Method,' form au 

 interesting step in the chain of reasonings which preceded the 

 differential calculus. 



The work of Guldinus, 'De Centro Qravitatis' (of which the first 

 aook was published at Vienna in 1635, and the rest, owing to thu 

 disturbed state of the country, iu 1G4U and 11J41), ia a laboured geome- 

 trical treatise on the properties of the centre of gravity, including 

 applications and verifications of the theorems of Pappus, but no 

 demonstration. The attempt to prove these theorems was a failure iu 

 the hands of Quldiuus. To put it beyond question that this writer 

 r<ally did borrow from hia predecessor, we subjoin a paragraph from 

 ,he preface of the seventh book of the collection of Pappus, taking 

 ,he Latin text of Commandiue, which was published before Guldinus, 

 and which he cites. It must be remembered that the text of this 

 >reface is very imperfect :" Perfectorum utrorumque ordiuum pro- 

 lortio composita est ex proportioue auipliismatum, et rect.irum 

 inearum similiter ad axes ductarum ;v puuctis, qua; iu ipsis gravitatia 

 centra aunt. Imperfectoruin autem proportio composita eat ex pro- 

 >ortiouo amphismatum, et circumferentiarum a punctis qua; in ipsia 

 sunt centra gravitatis, factarum." 



But the work of Guldinus called the attention of a more powerful 

 ;eometer to the subject. He had made some objectiona to tho theory 

 if indivisibles of Cavalieri, to which tho latter replied in the third of 

 iis ' Exercitationes,' and ended his reply by making the method of 

 ndivisiblea furnish the demonstration which Guldinus was not able to 

 ind. It is therefore to Cavalieri, and not to Guldinus, that the credit 

 s due of having made the first advance upon Pappus. 



GUNST, PIETER VAN, an excellent Dutch portrait-engraver, who 

 lowever possessed more patience than ability, was born at Amsterdam 

 bout 1667. He engraved a set of ten fulllength portraits, after 

 I'andyck, from drawings made in England in 1713 by Arnold 

 loubraken, who received one hundred florins each for them. He also 

 ngraved a set of portraits, after Vander \Vurff, for Larrey's ' History 

 f England;' and he engraved the portrait of Frauciscua Juuius, after 

 Zander Werff, which ia inserted as a frontispiece to the ' Picture 

 feterum,' Rotterdam, 1694. Hia works are extremely neat in exe- 

 ution, especially the heads : he appears to have studied the works of 

 10 Drevets. Among his historical, or figure pieces, which are inferior 



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