Z37 



GUTHRIE, WILLIAM. 



GUYON, JOHANNA-MARIE BOUVIERS. 



238 



judges decided that Fust was to be repaid so much of the money 

 advanced as had not been expended on materials; and Gutenberg, 

 unable to raise the money, was forced to resign the printing-materials, 

 and of course the invention, to Fust, who, with Schoffer, carried on 

 the business. [Fosx.] 



Gutenberg however remained in Mainz, and continued to print. 

 This is proved by a deed, dated July 20, 1459, in the possession of 

 the University of Mainz, by which Gutenberg, in conjunction with 

 his brother and three cousins, gives to the library of the convent of 

 St. Clare, in which his sister was a nun, " all such books required for 

 pious use and the service of God, whether for reading, or singing, or 

 for use, according to the rules of the order, as I, the above-named 

 John, have printed, or shall hereafter print," to remain for ever in the 

 said library. There are no remains of this donation, nor is any book 

 known to exist with Gutenberg's imprint; but the ' Catholicon Joannis 

 Januensis,' as we hare already mentioned, has been attributed to him. 

 His merit was not altogether unacknowledged in big lifetime. In 

 1465 the archbishop elector of Mainz appointed him one of his 

 courtiers, with the like allowance of clothing as to other nobles ; and 

 it could scarcely be on any other account than that of his invention. 

 It is said that he became blind about this time, and resigned his 

 printing materials to Bechtermunze and Spies?, who certainly printed 

 some works with a type exactly similar to that used in the ' Catholicon ;' 

 one of these works, a vocabulary, appeared in 1467. On the other 

 hand, a deed exists of a Dr. Conrad Homery, who was a creditor, 

 dated the Friday after St Matthias's day 1468, acknowledging the 

 receipt of certain property "belonging to printing," left by John 

 fiuti-uberg deceased. This date answers to February 19, 1468. The 

 usual date given as that of his death is 146S, but it was probably 

 towards the close of 1467. He was interred in the church of the 

 Recolleta at Mainz. 



Posterity has endeavoured in some degree to make amends for the 

 ill success of Gutenberg during his life. In 1837 a splendid monu- 

 ment in bronze, from the design of Baron von Lausitr, was erected to 

 his memory in Mainz. The Gutenberg Society, to which the writers 

 of the Rhenish provinces belong, hold a yearly meeting also in Mainz 

 to honour his memory and to celebrate his discovery. 



QDTHRIE, WILLIAM, was born at Brechin, in the county of 

 Angus, Scotland, according to one account, in 1701, according to 

 another in 1708. He was educated at the University of Aberdeen ; 

 but little or nothing is known of Ma early years, except that it is said 

 he was induced to leave his native country by & disappointment in 

 love, on which he came to London, and commenced writing for the 

 booksellers. He was one of the most popular compilers of his day, 

 an-1 must have been one of the most industrious writers ever known, 

 if he was the author of all the voluminous works to which his name is 

 prefixed. Among them are a ' History of England,' which though 

 only brought down to the Restoration, extends to three thick folio 

 volumes ; a ' History of Scotland,' 10 Tola. 8vo ; a ' General History of 

 the World,' 13 vols. 8vo ; a 'History of the Peerage,' 1 ToL 4 to; a 

 translation of the ' Institutes of Quintilian,' 2 vols. 4to ; translations 

 of nearly all the writings of Cicero ; ' The Friends,' a novel, in 2 vols. 

 8vo ; ' Remarks on English Tragedy,' ftc. But in the preparation of 

 most of these works he is believed to have had little share, beyond 

 lending them his name, which it would appear was in repute with the 

 booksellers. The well-known ' Geographical Grammar' which bears 

 his name is believed to have been compiled by a bookseller in the 

 Strand, of the name of Kuox. Guthrie found the trade of authorship 

 not an unprosperous one; and to what he gained with bis pen was, in 

 course of time, added a pension from government, which it may be 

 supposed he earned by some writings acceptable to the court, or by 

 other unknown political Cervices. He was also placed in the commis- 

 sion of the peace for Middlesex, although it is said he never acted as 

 a magistrate. He died in 1770. Guthrie's 'General Hittory of 

 England, from the Invasion of the Romans under Julius Cesar to the 

 late Revolution in 1688,' which is the historical work of which his 

 claim to the authorship is the most undoubted, is written in a style 

 by no means without warmth and animation, though it has not much 

 claim to the praise either of condensation, judgment, or research. 

 The author is rather fond of new and peculiar views one instance of 

 which that may be mentioned is the light in which he endeavours to 

 place the conduct and character of Richard IIL, many of the common 

 b lories in regard to whom he .disputes in a manner that led him after- 

 wards to claim the honour of having anticipated nearly all that was 

 moat remarkable in Horace Walpole's ' Historic Doubts.' But in truth 

 both he and Walpole had been long before preceded in the same line 

 of argument by Sir George Buck : yet oddly enough, within the last 

 few vears the theory has been again revived with some little parade 

 of originality. 



OUTHRY, HENRY, a Scottish ccclcoiastic, was the son of John 

 Guthry, clergyman of Cupar Angus in Forfaruhire, where he was born 

 noon after the commencement of the 17th century. He studied at 

 St. Andrews, and when he became capable of holding a benefice, he 

 was presented to the church of Stirling. In 1638 he subscribed the 

 Covenant, but he U said never to have had much sympathy with its 

 promoters, and be was inclined to neutrality in the discussions which 

 followed. In 1647 he was one of those who joined the 'Engagement' 

 for the support of Charles I. ugainst the Parliament, a couree of 



conduct which occasioned his deposition from the ministry. He was 

 succeeded by a celebrated namesake, apparently a member of the 

 same family, James Guthry, who having shown a resolute hostility to 

 Charles II., his followers, and his ecclesiastical policy, was beheaded 

 after having beeu convicted on a charge of high treason in 1661. The 

 more moderate or cautious Henry was then restored to the benefice. 

 He conformed to the re-establishment of Episcopacy, and was appointed 

 bishop of Dunkeld ill 1665. He died in 1676, leaving behind him a. 

 manuscript ' History of his Own Time,' which was published in 1748. 

 (Life, by George Crawford, prefixed to Memoirs of Henry Cruthry, late 

 Bishop of Dunkeld.) 



* GUYON, GENERAL. RICHARD DEBAUFRE GUYON was 

 born March 31, 1818, at Walcot, near Bath, Somersetshire, in which 

 city he received his early education. His grandfather waa a captain 

 in the Dragoon Guards ; his father, John Guyon, of Richmond, Surrey, 

 was a commander in the royal navy, aud died in 1844. Richard Guyon 

 was intended for the army, aud at an early age Leld a commission in 

 the Surrey militia. At the age of eighteen he obtained a commission 

 in the Hungarian Hussars of the Austrian army, and after some years' 

 service attained the rank of lieutenant, and was appointed aide-de- 

 camp to Field-Marshal Baron Splenyi, commander of the Hungarian 

 life-guards. In November 1838 he married the daughter of Baron 

 Splenyi, and soon afterwards retired to the neighbourhood of Pesth, 

 where his wife's relations resided, and where he spent his time in 

 country-occupations and field-sports. 



In September 1848, when jellachich, the Ban of Croatia, invaded 

 Hungary, Guyon offered his services to the Hungarian diet, aud 

 received the appointment of Major of the Houvtds, or national 

 guards. On the 29th of September he contributed materially to the 

 defeat of Jellachich at Sukoro. In the battle of Schwechet, near 

 Vienna, on October 30tb, Major Guyou with his raw troops achieved 

 at Mannsworth the only successes of that disastrous day, when, his 

 horse having beeu shot under him, he led his men to the charge on 

 foot, aud armed them with the muskets of the slain Austriaus, iu place 

 of the scythes with which many of them had fought. He waa 

 rewarded by being raised to the rank of Colonel on the field of battle. 

 He was afterwards raised to the rank of General at Uebreczin. He 

 commanded the rear of Gorgei's army ou the march from Pesth to 

 Upper Hungary ; and at Ipolvsag (January 10, 1849), by a dariug and 

 skilful effort, saved the baggago from the pursuing Austrians. Ou the 

 5th of February, with 10,000 Hungarians, he stormed the defiles aud 

 heights of Branyiszko, defended by 25,000 Austrian troops under 

 General Schlick, took prisoners and baggage to a large amount, and 

 cleared the way for the van of the army to pass, Gorgei having vainly 

 attempted to turn the defiles by a flank movement. At the battle of 

 Kapolna (February 26) he commanded a division of Dembiuski's army. 

 On the 2 1st of April ho entered the fortress of Komorn with a small 

 body of troops, though it was then closely besieged by the Austrian 

 troops, and announced to the despairing garrison the approach of 

 Gorgei with a relieving army. When Gorgei was appointed minister 

 of war, General Guyon for a time performed the duties of the office, 

 in order to enable Gorgei to retain his commaud-in-chief. On the 9th 

 of August the Austrian and Hungarian armies met near Temesvar, 

 where the impetuous bravery of Guyon and his Hussars could not 

 save the Hungarian army from a defeat. On the lllh of August 

 Kossuth resigned his office of governor, and named Gorgei dictator, 

 who on the 17th of August put an end to the war by an unconditional 

 surrender. 



Guyon, Bern, Dembinski, Kmety, and other officers who had not 

 been included in the surrender, made their escape with much diffi- 

 culty to Turkey, where, in defiance of the conjoint demand of Austria 

 and Russia, they were protected by the sultan. After some time 

 Guyon was joined at Constantinople by his wife, whose property in 

 Hungary had been confiscated by the Austrian government. He was 

 offered and accepted service under the Turkish government; and 

 though he decidedly refused to become a Mohammedan, was sent to 

 Damascus with the rank of lieutenant-general ou the staff, and with 

 the title of Kourschid Pasha. In November 1853 he was directed to 

 proceed from Damascus to the army iu Asia Minor, and reached Kara 

 by a series of rapid journeys. There he had the appointment of chief 

 of the staff and president of the military council, but without any 

 real command over an army of 15,000 undisciplined troops uuder 

 twenty-one pashas, each with the rank of a general. He was allowed 

 however to organise the army and to construct defences. That 

 organisation aud those defences, though doubtless much improved 

 afterwards by General Williams aud his officers, became a basis for 

 the heroic defence of Kars. 



(The Patriot and (he Hero ; General Guyon on the Battle-Fields of 

 Hungary and Alia, by Arthur Kinglake.) 



GUYON, JOHANNA-MARIE BOUVIERS DE LA MOTHE, was 

 born on the 13th of April 1648, at Montargis, in the department of 

 Loiret. At seven years of age her father sent her to the Ursuline 

 Convent, where she soon distinguished herself by her talents, aud by 

 her remarkable attention to her religious studies. She wished to take 

 the veil before she was seventeen, but her parents opposed this, as they 

 had promised her in marriage. While residing in the convent, iu order 

 to have the name of Jesus on her heart, " with ribbands and a big 

 needle she fastened the name in large characters to her skin in four 



