211 



GWILT, JOSEPH. 



HABINGTON, WILLIAM. 



212 



county of Surrey, and who erected, amongst other buildings. Horse- 

 monger Lane Gaol and Newington Sessions House. He died on the 

 9th of December 1807. George Gwilt, the elder of the sons, waa born 

 on the 8th of February 1775. He was sent to a school at Hammer- 

 smith, but was indebted for his general education mainly to his own 

 exertions. His professional knowledge was acquired in the office of 

 hig father, whom he succeeded in practice. Prior to this however, 

 Gwilt junior had commenced his own professional course with the 

 building, about the year 1801, of the warehouses of the West India 

 Docks. He soon acquired a marked taste for objects of antiquarian 

 art, of which he at length got together, at his house in Union Street, 

 an important collection, many of the remains being found in St. 

 Saviour's. In 1815 he was elected a Fellow of the Society of Anti- 

 quaties. In March and Juno of that year two valuable communi- 

 cations by him, on the remains of Winchester Palace, Southwark, 

 appeared in the 'Gentleman's Magazine'; and he contributed occasionally 

 at other times to the same journal. In 1818 he was engaged upon the 

 restoration of the steeple of Bow Church, a work which required much 

 professional skill, and which he performed with strict regard to the 

 preservation of Wren's design. The peristyle of columns and the 

 obelisk had to be removed and rebuilt, and the whole waa completed 

 on the llth of July 1820, when the copper vane (in the form of a 

 dragon), eight feet ten inches long, was fixed. Very soou afterwards, 

 the foundations of the same church being found defective, some 

 important works for their maintenance were carried out under Gwilt's 

 supervision ; and during these works the interesting Norman remains 

 of the original building were identified, and were described by him to 

 the Society of Antiquaries in June 1828, in a paper under the title of 

 ' Observations on the Church of St. Mary-le-Bow, chiefly relating to 

 its Original Structure,' and which paper was afterwards published, 

 with six plates, in the ' Vetusta Monumenta,' vol. 5. The restoration 

 of the choir and tower of St. Mary Overy's church was commenced 

 about the year 1822, and was completed in about two years, with 

 great fidelity and practical skill. In 1824 Gwilt visited Italy, and we 

 find little to say of him till the year 1S32, when the Lady Chapel of 

 the church hut mentioned being rescued from destruction, he under- 

 took the direction of the restoration without remuneration, and 

 completed it in 1833, with the skill which he had exhibited in the 

 other part of the church. George Gwilt lived to the advanced age of 

 eighty-one, occupied in hU favourite pursuits till within a few days 

 before liis death. He had however suffered long from a painful com- 

 plaint, and the loss of hU wife, who died a few weeks before him, was 

 severely felt. He died on the 27th of June 1856, and was buried 

 in the family vault, next the choir of St. Mary Overy's Church. 

 Charles Edwin, the second of his three sons, baa contributed to the 

 ' Archxologia ' (vol. xxv.) an Account of the remains of part of the 

 1'rior of Lewes'g house in Carter Lane, St. Olive's, Southwark. 



* GWILT, JOSEPH, architect, and author of works on architecture, 

 some of which tiro standard 'books of reference, was the younger 

 brother of the subject of the foregoing notice, and waa bora on the 



llth of January 1784. He was brought up to his profession with his 

 father, and appears to have devoted his chief attention to the Italian 

 and classical styles. He had however no opportunity for going to 

 Italy till after the termination of the war, when his visit in 1816 led 

 to the publication in 1818 of his ' Notitia Architectonic* Italiana,' con- 

 sisting of concise notices of buildings and architects in Italy, which he 

 had prepared for his private reference during his journey. In 1822 

 he privately printed a ' Cursory View of the Origin of Caryatides.' 

 About the same time he published a book entitled ' Sciography, or 

 Examples of Shadows," of which a second edition dates in 1824 ; and he 

 also issued 'A Treatise on the Equilibrium of Arches," of which the 

 second edition appeared in 1820. In 1825 he edited an edition of Sir 

 William Chambers's ' Treatise on Civil Architecture," in 2 vols. largo 

 8vo, with carefully-reduced plates and many valuable notes ; and to 

 the work itself he prefixed an illustrated section on Grecian architec- 

 ture, together with an inquiry into the qualities of the beautiful. In 

 1826 he published his ' Rudiments of Architecture, Practical and 

 Theoretical ;' and in the same year a translation of the ' Architecture' 

 of Vitruvius, which is the only complete translation of the ten books, 

 in the English language, which has any merit. In 1837 Mr. Gwilt 

 published a small octavo under the title, ' Elements of Architectural 

 Criticism for the Use of Students, Amateurs, and llevieweis,' wherein 

 he opposed the opinions as to the merits of the modern German 

 school which had been put forth in several articles in the ' Foreign 

 Quarterly Keview.' For the reference which there and elsewhere he 

 has made to the critics, he has hardly been forgiven ; and the con- 

 troversy, in which neither side was wholly right, has been productive 

 of many subsequent expressions of opinion not exactly tending to more 

 accurate views of art amongst the public. In 1833 was privately 

 printed, 'A Project for a National Gallery, by Joseph and J. S. Gwilt.' 

 In 1842 Mr. Gwilt contributed the articles on art to Brande's 'Dic- 

 tionary of Literature, Science, and Art;' and in the same year appeared 

 his excellent ' Encyclopaedia of Architecture, Historical, Theoretical, 

 and Practical.' A second edition of the latter work appeared in 1851, 

 together with an appendix on Gothic architecture, and a third edition 

 was published in 1S54. In addition to these literary works, Mr. Gwilt 

 is the author of ' Rudiments of the Anglo-Saxon Tongue,' and he wrote 

 the article ' Music ' in the ' Encyclopaedia Metropolitans.' 



Mr. Gwilt's principal work in the practice of his profession was 

 Markreo Castle, near Sligo. in Ireland; and his latest work is a church 

 at Charltou, near Woolwich, in the Byzantine style, dedicated to St. 

 Thomas. He has also designed and executed some alterations and 

 additions to the hall of the Grocers' Company, to which company he 

 has held the appointment of architect for thirty years and upwards. 

 Mr. Gwilt also was for forty years or more one of the surveyors of 

 the sewers in Surrey, having succeeded his father iu the office ; but 

 was superseded, along with others, on the altered arrangements for 

 the metropolis under the now commission appointed iu 1848, to whose 

 views of improvement, particularly in respect of the small-pipe system 

 for main sewerage, he was wholly opposed. 



H 



UABAKKUK, one of the twelve minor Hebrew prophets. We 



L have no particulars respecting the place and time of his birth ; but 

 it appears probable that he prophesied in the beginning of the reign of 

 JehoUkim (B.C. 609). It u evident from the prophecy that Jerusalem 

 had not yet been taken by the Chaldaeans, but that Judica had been 

 overrun by their armies. We learn from 2 Kings, xxiv. 1, that the 

 Chaldawns under Nebuchadnezzar made Jehoiakiui tributary to them 

 at the beginning of hi* reign ; but Jerusalem was not taken till the 

 reign of hia successor Jehoiachin. Clement of Alexandria ( Strom.,' 

 L 142) places Habakkuk in the rign of Zedekiah, which agrees with 

 the account in the apocryphal story of Bel and the Dragon, according 

 to which Habakkuk lived in the time of the Babylonish captivity. 



The prophecy of Habakkuk may be divided into two parts. The 

 first i* in the form of a dialogue between God and the prophet : the 

 j.r .|.het begins by deploring the desolate condition of Jerusalem (i. 

 1-4) ; God a then introduced foretelling the destruction of the Jewish 

 state by the Cbaldnans (i. 5-11); the prophet replies by expressing a 

 hope that the Jews may not be entirely destroyed, and that the 

 Chaldseant may be punished, since they are as wicked as the Jews (i. 

 l'J-17 ; ii. 1) ; Uod assures the prophet that the captivity of the Jews 

 will only last for an appointed time, and that the Chaldieans would 

 eventually be punished on account of their iniquities (ii. 2-20). The 

 second part is a prayer, or psalm, in which the prophet recounts the 

 wonderful works God had wrought on behalf of his people in past 

 time*, and preys unto Him to preserve the Jews in their captivity, 

 and "in wrath to remember mercy " (c. iii.). 



The prophecy of Habakkuk is written in an energetic style, and 

 contains many beautiful passages. The third chapter is considered 

 by Bwhop Lowtb u one of the finest specimens we possess of the 

 Hebrew ode. 



The canonical authority of the book has never been disputed. It 

 a quoted in the New Testament: compare I lab. ii. 4 with llom. L 17, 



UI9G. DIT. VOL. III. 



CM. Iu. 11, Hebr. x. 38 ; and Hab. i. 5 with Acts xiii. 40, 41. Many 

 divines consider the passage ii. 2-4 to be a prophecy relating to the 

 Messiah, implying also the deliverance of the Jews by Cyrus ; but till 

 the scheme of secondary prophecies (that is, of making the samo 

 prophecy fulfilled by two distiuct and different events) is better 

 established, we must withhold our assent to stun an hypothesis. 



HABINGTON, WILLIAM, was the son of Thomas Habington, a 

 Roman Catholic gentleman of family and fortune in Worcestershire. 

 HU mother, the daughter of Lord Morley, has been supposed to have 

 been the writer of the famous letter which revealed the Gunpowder 

 Plot [FAWKJS, QUIDO]; and her husband (who had been long 

 imprisoned as implicated in Babington's conspiracy) gave shelter to 

 some of the accomplices of Fawkes, nnd was sentenced to die, but 

 received a pardon through the intercession of his wife's brother, on 

 condition of retiring to his manor of Hiudlip. Their son had been 

 borm there upon the very day now marked as the date of the plot, the 

 5th of November 1605. He was educated in the Jesuit college of 

 St Omer, and afterwards at Paris ; and endeavours were used, but in 

 vain, to induce him to enter the society. He returned to England, 

 and lived iu retirement with his father, who long survived him, and 

 who directed and co-operated with him in historical and other studies. 

 William llabiugtou married Lucy, daughter of William Herbert, t!ie 

 first Lord Powis; and the whole of his subsequent life appears to 

 have been spent in literary and rural quiet. It is said by Anthony 

 Wood that he " did run with the times, and was not unknown to 

 Oliver the Usurper," a charge which may either be untrue or iuvolve 

 nothing discreditable. He died at Hindlip on the 13th of November 

 1645, when ho had but just completed his fortieth year. His pub- 

 lished writings were the following:!, 'Castara,' a collection of 

 poems, first printed together in 1635, and again more fully and cor- 

 rectly in 1640. They were included iu Chalmers's ' English Poets ' in 

 I 1810, were reprinted separately in 1812, and are given wholly ia 



