245 



HABSBURG, THE HOUSE OF. 



HACKEBT, PHILIPP. 



216 



[FERDINAND I. OF AUSTRIA.] From this time the House of Austria 

 was divided into two great branches, the successors of Charles V., or 

 the Spanish branch, and those of Ferdinand, or the German branch. 

 Ferdinand I. died in 1564, leaving his eldest son, Maximilian, as arch- 

 duke of Austria, and his other son, Charles, as duke of Styria, Cariu- 

 thia, and Carniola. Maximilian succeeded his father as emperor, and 

 died in 157*5, after an able and wise reign. He concluded a convention 

 with John Sigismund, who resigned to him the crown of Hungary, 

 retaining the title of Prince of Transylvania. In Bohemia, Maximilian 

 was acknowledged without difficulty, and his government was praised 

 by both Roman Catholics and Protestants for its tolerance, moderation, 

 and respect for their local privileges and usages. He was succeeded 

 by his son Rudolf, styled Rudolf II., emperor of Germany. For the 

 first time since the Hab-sburg family came into possession of the 

 Austrian territories, Rudolf, as Maximilian's eldest son, obtained the 

 sole possession of his paternal dominions, while his brothers, instead 

 of having a joint-share in the government, were provided with annual 

 pensions. This change, whether arranged during the reign of Maxi- 

 milian II., or effected by a family compact between his heirs, established 

 the right of primogeniture in the House of Austria, which has remained 

 ever since. (Coxe, ' History of the House of Austria.') 



Rudolf II. was very different from his father ; he was bigoted aud 

 intolerant, and he alienated the Protestants of his dominions by 

 forbidding the public exercise of their worship. The result was 

 insurrection, followed by repression and persecution. The same 

 course pursued in several of the German states led the Protestants 

 to form a confederation, and to ally themselves with the United 

 Provinces of Holland and with Henry IV. of France. Henry was 

 assassinated in May 1610, just as be was ready to pour his troops 

 across the frontiers, and Rudolf himself died in 1612, leaving no issue. 

 He was succeeded by his brother Matthias, who had already in his 

 brother's lifetime seated himself on the thrones of Hungary and 

 Bohemia, being assisted by the Protestants, whom he favoured. After 

 a short interregnum Matthias was elected emperor. He died in 1619, 

 also without issue, leaving his cousin Ferdinand, son of Charles, duke 

 of Styria, and grandson of Ferdinand I., to succeed him. But before 

 Matthias's death Bohemia was again in open insurrection, owing to 

 the intolerant conduct of the archbishop of Prague, who bad demolished 

 several chapels of the Dissidents. This was the origin of the famous 

 Thirty Years' War, which shook Europe to its very extremities. The 

 events which followed are noticed in the article FERDINAND II. or 

 GERMANY. [GUTAVUS ADOLFHUS.] Ferdinand II. died in 1637, and 

 was succeeded by his son Ferdinand III., who, being wiser and more 

 moderate than his father, put an end to the war, in 1648, by the 

 treaty of Miinster and Osnaburg, called also the treaty of Westphalia. 

 Ferdinand died in 1 65 7, and was succeeded by his eon Leopold, who 

 was already king of Bohemia and Hungary. . Leopold, styled I. of 

 Germany, a man of very inferior abilities, had a long and troubled 

 reign, continually harassed by the unprincipled ambition of Louis XIV., 

 who, aided by some alliances which his money enabled him to procure 

 among the German electors, became the scourge of Germany. Louis, 

 in order to annoy Leopold still more, prevailed on the Turks to advance 

 to the very walls of Vienna, when at last a sense of the general danger 

 roused Holland, England, Denmark, and even Sweden, against the com- 

 mon disturber of Europe. The victories of Eugene and Marlborough 

 saved the empire on the side of the Rhine, as Sobieski had savec 

 Austria on the Turkish side. Thus Leopold was enabled to weather 

 the storm. He died in 1705, leaving his son Joseph to succeed him 

 while his other son, Charlen, was fighting in the peninsula for the 

 crowns of Spain and the Indies. Joreph I. reigned only a few years 

 but hi* reign was glorious ; his armies and those of his allies completely 

 turned the fortune of war against Louis XIV. He died in 1711, anc 

 was succeeded by hie brother Charles, who put an end to the war o 

 the Spanish succession by renouncing his claims to the crown* of Spain 

 and the Indies in favour of Philip of Bourbon. The sequel of Charles's 

 reign is given in the article CHARLES VI. OF GERMANY. 



One great object of Charles's policy was to secure his hereditary 

 dominions to his own daughter Maria Theresa, in preference to tin 

 daughters of his elder brother Joseph, both brothers having no mal 

 offspring. For this purpose Charles issued in 1713 the Pragmatic 

 Sanction, an ordinance which established the right of succession in hi. 

 own daughter, and he obliged his own nieces to confirm it bj 

 renouncing their pretension* on their respective marriage* with thi 

 Electors of Bavaria and Saxony. He also obtained from the variou 

 states or provincial assemblies of his dominions the acknowledg 

 ment of the Pragmatic Sanction, and he induced most of th< 

 German and other European powers, with the exception of tli 

 Bourbon", to guarantee this family compact. Charles VI. died in 

 1740, and in him the male line of the House of Habeburg and Austria 

 became extinct. His daughter Maria Theresa, who had marriec 

 Francis of Lorraine, grand-duke of Tuscany, succeeded, after an 

 arduous struggle, in securing the possession of the Austrian dominions. 

 [FRANCIS I. of Germany.] 



When Maria Theresa, who had survived her husband, died in 1780 

 her eldest son Joseph, who had already succeeded his father 

 emperor of Germany in 1765, took into his hands the administration 

 of the Austrian dominions. [ JOSEPH II. of Germany.] Joseph diec 

 in 1790, without issue, and was succeeded by his younger brothe 



jeopold, prand-duke of Tuscany, whose wise reign was but short. He 

 ied in 1792, leaving- his youthful son Francis to stand the brunt of 

 je political storms which had gathered over Europe in consequence 

 f the French Revolution. A sketch of the long and eventful reign 

 lat followed is given under FRANCIS II. of Germany. 

 Francis in 1806 resigned the title of emperor of Germany, and 

 ssumed that of Francis L, emperor of Austria. He died iu 1835, 

 eaving the crown to his eldest son, Ferdinand II. of Austria, born in 

 793. Ferdinand was compelled to abdicate, December 2, 1848, and 

 was succeeded by his nephew Francis-Joseph. [FiiANCis-JosEpn.] 



Leopold II. left a numerous family besides Francis. His second 



on, the Archduke Charles, born in 1771, became well known in the 



vars with France as geueral-in-chief of the Austrian armies. The next, 



he Archduke Joseph, born in 1776, became palatine and governor- 



eneral of Hungary. The Archduke John, bora in 1782, became 



.nown as^ general in the Austrian armies. Tha Archduke Renier, 



>rn in 1783, was made, after the peace, viceroy of the Lombardo- 



Teuetian kingdom. Of the sisters of Leopold, the eldest, Marie 



Antoinette, married Louia XVI. of France ; the next, Maria Carolina, 



married Ferdinand, king of the Two Sicilies; and another married 



he Duke of Parma. A younger brother of Leopold, the Archduke 



i'erdinand, married Maria Beatrice, heiress of tho house of Este, by 



whom he had Francis Joseph, the late, and father of the present Duke 



>f Modena. 



HACHETTE, JEAN NICOLAS PIERRE, was bora at Mezieres, 

 Jay 6, 1769. He began his studies at Mezieres, where Mouge then 

 leld a professorship. At the age of twenty-three he was the compe- 

 .itor iu the conconn for a professorship of hydrography at Collioure. 

 jome memoirs on mathematical subjects which he addressed to 

 ilonge, then minister of marine, procured lain to be called to Paris, 

 "rom whence he was sent to fill a professorship at Mezieres, aud at 

 ;he end of 1794 was appointed to the Ecole Polytechnique, at its 

 establishment. In this post he continued till the accession of 

 iouis XV III., by whose feeble aud fanatical government he was, in 

 1816, deprived of hia professorship, at the same time that Monge 

 was expelled from the Institute. The government above-mentioned 

 refused to sanction his admission to the Academy of Sciences; nor 

 was it till after the Revolution of 1830 that the fellow-labourer of 

 Uongc, the instructor of Poissou, Fresuel, Arago, and of more than 

 ;wo thousand of the best qualified public officers iu France, was per- 

 mitted to sit among his former pupils at the Palais de 1'Institut. 

 U. Hachette died in January 1834, at the time when the cholera was 

 raging in Paris, though not of that disorder. Independently of his 

 public services, he obtained the respect of the whole community for 

 bis private worth ; and the writer of this article, who enjoyed his 

 acquaintance and correspondence during the last years of hia life, can 

 bear testimony to the openness, simplicity, and benevolence of his 

 character, which, though not very common to such an extent among 

 his countrymen, are, of all other qualities, those which most assist 

 and least require their well-known address and manners. 



The greater part of the life of M. Hachette was devoted to the 

 development of the descriptive geometry of Monge, aud its applica- 

 tion iu the arts of life, particularly in the description and construction 

 of machinery. The attention win h was paid to this subject from 

 the opening of the Polytechnic School was one main cause of the 

 improvement which took place in France as to all matters connected 

 with construction. There is no question that since the Revolution of 

 1788 that country has made very rapid progress in all that relates to 

 the arts which depend upon geometry. The genius of Mouge and the 

 foresight of thoae who founded tho Polytechnic School were the 

 primary causes of this improvement : M. Hachette was the most dis- 

 tinguished among those whose efforts filled up the details, dissemi- 

 nated the knowledge of the whole, aud kept alive the impulse which 

 the new state of things had given. Monge left the details of the 

 descriptive geometry for the most part to Hachette, who made the 

 first special application, and particularly to the construction of 

 machinery. Hu works on descriptive geometry (that of Monge being 

 comparatively elementary) and on machinery are still in high repute. 



The works of M. Hachette are : ' Programmes d'un Cours de 

 Physique,' 1809; an extension of a work previously written by Monge 

 and Hachette in 1805. 'Correspondence sur 1' Ecole Poly technique,' 

 1803-15, a work edited by M. Hachette, aud containing many memoirs 

 by himself, some of great interest. ' Epures, or Collection of Drawings 

 exemplifying the processes of Descriptive Geometry,' 1817. ' Ele'mens 

 de Geoiue'tiie a trois dimensions,' 1817, in two part?, geometrical and 

 algebraical. This work is remarkable as containing various theorems, 

 demonstrated geometrically, which had not been previously obtained 

 without algebra. ' First and Second Supplements to the Descriptive 

 Geometry of Monge,' 1812 and 1818. 'Traitd Elomentaire des 

 Machines,' first edition about 1820, and three others since published. 

 M. Hachette had previously, in 1808, taken a share in the work 

 of MM. Lanz and Bdtancour, 'Sur la Composition des Machines.' 

 'Geometric Descriptive,' 1822. Various memoirs in the 'Annales 

 d'Agriculture ; ' ' Socidtc' Koyale, &c., d' Agriculture ; ' ' Socie'te' d'En- 

 coumgeuii-nt,' &c. ; 'Journal fie 1'Ecolo 1'oljtechuique,' &c., &c. 



HAUKEItT, PHILIPP, a celebrated German landscape painter, was 

 born at Prenzlau in Prussia in 1737. His father was a portrait-painter 

 and a natiya of Berlin, where Hackert spent some time with an uncle 



