Ml 



HACKKT. JOHN. 



HADRIANUS, 



punting 

 tmwfit a 





who wa* s> decorative painter. H acquired hu chief knowledge of 

 g however by copying good picture*; and ha derived gnat 

 also from the acquaintance of Le Suwir, the director of the 

 Academy, and of Sailer. ID 175 he Tlt*d Pari*. and in 1768 

 be went with his brother Johann to Italy. They .pent ome time in 

 Borne tWrtitng and painting the sceneiy about Albano and Tiroli : 

 many of their work* were purchased by Lord Exeter. Philipp'* first 

 work* of importance however were the six large pictures of the Russian 

 naral Tictoiy of Tacheme, and the buruiog of the Turkish Beet, by 

 Count Orlow in 1770, painted for the Koipren Catherine of Russia. 

 Count Orlow, to whom the work* were cent at Leghorn, was upon the 

 whole highly gratified by their successful accomplishment, but he was 

 dissatisfied with the reprecentation of the ezplueion of a ship in the 

 picture of the bunting of the fleet ; and in order to give the artist a 

 proper imprmtou of such a catastrophe, he ordered, with a spirit 

 worthy of an autocrat, one of the frigate* of hi* fleet, an old vessel, to 

 be blown up in the presence of Hackert in the roads of Leghorn. He 

 was well satisfied with the result* of hi* experiment, for Hackert greatly 

 impruTcd the picture. These works, with six other similar subjects, 

 are now at St. Petersburg. In 1772, the year in which the first- 

 mentioned picture* were completed, Johann Hackert died at Bath, 

 aged only twenty-nine : he came to England with some picture* which 

 had been ordered by English travelers in Rome. In the meanwhile 

 two other brothers, Wilbelm r.nd Karl, joined Philipp in Rome; but 

 Wilhelm went shortly afterwards to St. Petersburg, and died there in 

 1789, aged only thirty-two ; and Karl settled in Switzerland. Philipp 

 accordingly in 1778 sent for hi* youngest brother Georg, who was an 

 engraver at Berlin, and they lived together from that time until the 

 death of Oeorg at Florence in 1805. 



Hackert was highly patronised in Rome both by Italians and 

 foreigner! ; Pius VI. waa delighted with his works, and his reputation 

 a* a landscape-painter was unrivalled by any of bis contemporaries, 

 though be was a very inferior painter to Wilson, who was neither 

 appreciated nor known at that time : Wilson left Rome in 1755. In 

 1777 Hackert made a tour in Sicily with Richard Payne Knight and 

 Charles Gore, and iu 1778 a tour in the north of Italy with Charles 

 Gore and his family. In 1782 he went to Naples, and was presented 

 to the king, Ferdinand IV., by the Russian ambassador, Count 

 Rasumowsky. The king took pleasure in the works of Hackert, and 

 treated him with great kindness and familiarity ; he used to style him 

 Don Filippo. In 17S6, after the departure of Count Kasumowsky, he 

 appointed Usckcrt hi* principal painter, who settled witli his brother 

 from that time in Maples. They had apartments in the Palazzo 

 FrancavilU on the Cbiaja, which they occupied until they were dis- 

 possessed by General Rey, the French commandant of Naples in 1799, 

 who took possession of them himself ; he however treated the Hackerta 

 with great kindness, gave them passports, and suffered them to depart 

 with all their property, with which they arrived safely at Leghorn. 

 Hackert' s salary was 100 ducat* per mouth, with his apartments free 

 both in Naples and at Caserta. In 1787 Hackert painted a large 

 picture of the ' Launch of the Parthenope,' 64, the first ship of war 

 which was built at Castclamare ; it was engraved by his brother Georg ; 

 he painted five other large picture* of Neapolitan sea-ports, which 

 were all enlivened by some historical scene of interest : they are in 

 the palace at Caaerta. In 1788 the king sent him to Apulia to make 

 drawings of all the sea-port* of that coast, which he painted, from 

 Maufrcdonia to Taranto. In 1790 ha visited on a similar mission the 

 coast* of Calabria and Sicily : the king equipped for him a small 

 felucca called a scappavia, manned with twelve men well armed, for 

 the express purpose : he was out about five months from April to 

 August inclusive. 



Hackert lived, after his departure from Naples in 1799, a short time 

 in Leghorn, whence he removed to Florence, where he resided in a 

 villa which he purchased in 1803 until hi* death in April 1807. 



Hackert'* work* are not remarkable for any particular quality of 

 ait : they are simple portrait* or prospects in ordinary light and nhade, 

 and their beauty accordingly depends upon the local beauty of the 

 seme. The detail is careful without being minute, and where a 

 memento of any particular scene is the chief object of desire, hU 

 wotka are calculated to give perhaps complete satisfaction, except iu 

 the case of some fastidious connoisseur who might require a bolder 

 and more artutic foreground than thuse which characterise his works 

 generally. Hi* drawings are extremely numerous, and hi* paintings 

 are not rare : many of them have been engraved. He painted in oil, 

 in encaustic, and iu body water-colours or a guazzo, a species of 

 distemper. He also etched several plate*. 



(Jotte has written an eulogistic life of Hackert, whose clone imitation 

 of nature delighted the German critic, and he has extolled him beyond 

 bis merit*. 



(Gothc, Werlct Fhilipp Hackert; and JFmdWmann und lein 

 /sJMsMM) 



HACKKT, JOHN, was born in the year 1S92, and educated at 

 Wentniinnter School, whence he was elected to Trinity College, 

 Cambridge, at the age of sixteen. In 1618 he took orders, and soon 

 after became chaplain to the liishop of Lincoln. On the breaking out 

 of the civil war he was appointed one of a nub-committee whose office 

 it was to prepare a report on ecclesiastical reform for a commission 

 empowered by the House of Lords. To this scheme however a stop 



was put by the prevalence of the troubles and the opposition made by 

 the bishop*. During the civil war he espoused the cause of Charles, 

 and his house was a kind of rallying point for his party. His zeal 

 however led him into difficulties, and he suffered a short imprison- 

 ment ; but after the restoration ho accepted the bishopric of LicMieM 

 and Coventry, where he died in 1670. 



To Bishop Hscket we are chiefly indebted for the restoration of 

 Lichfield cathedral It had been cauuouaded and subjected to all 

 sort* of insult and pillage at the hand* of the Puritan party ; however, 

 during the eight year* that he held the bishopric, he contrived, p.irtly 

 at his own expense and partly by subscription, to put it into complete 

 repair. 



HADLEY, JOHN, the reputed inventor of the sextant which bears 

 his name, became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1717, and died 

 February 15th 1744. He was author of several useful papers, which 

 appear in the ' Transactions ' of the Society, from vol. 32 to voL 89. 

 He was also upon intimate terms with Sir Isaac Newton, from whom 

 it is supposed he borrowed, without acknowledgment, the idea of the 

 sextant. It is now generally believed that Newton and Godfrey wore 

 the original and independent inventors of that instrument. [GcmritKY.] 

 Halley gave an account of the instrument in the ' Philosophical Trans- 

 actions for 1731 ; but Newton, previous to bis death in 1727, had given 

 a description of the instrument to Dr. Halley, by whom it was, for 

 some unknown reason, suppressed, though it was communicated t tho 

 Koyal Society in the year 1742, after H alley's death, by his executor, 

 Hr. Jones. (Huttou. Dictionary, 1815 ; Herschel, Astronomy, p. 102 ; 

 and Tnim. of the American Society, vol. L, p. 21, Appendix.) 



HADRLA/NUS, ^ELIUS, son of ^Clius Hadrianus Afer, a cousin of 

 Trajan, and a native of Hatria Piceun, but of Spanish descent, and of 

 Douiitia Paulina of Cadiz, was born at Home, in January A.I). 76. Ho 

 was left an orphan at ten years of age, under the guardianship of 

 Trajan and of Tatiauus, a Roman knight. He made great progress in 

 literature, especially iu the study of Greek. In the reign of Domitian 

 he served as commander of an auxiliary legion in Mtosia. Trajan gave 

 him his nieco Sabina iu marriage, and he accompanied the emperor in 

 his Dacian and Eastern campaigns. When Trajan died at Seliuus in 

 Cilicia, in August 117, Hadrianus, whom he had left in charge of the 

 army in Syria, was proclaimed emperor by the soldiers at Antioch, and 

 he wrote to the senate, requesting their confirmation. Plautina, 

 Trajan's widow, favoured his views by protending that Trajan on his 

 death-bed had appointed him his successor, and for this service 

 Hadriauus showed his gratitude to Plautiua to the end of her life. 

 The fact of Hadrianus being adopted by Trajan a year before bis 

 death has been asserted by some writers and denied by others. Hia 

 election being confirmed by the senate, Hadrianus, after withdrawing 

 the troops from the countries east of the Euphrates and making peace 

 with the Parthians and the Armenians, eel off for Rome, where he 

 assumed the consulship in the following year (118) with T. Fuscus 

 Salinator. He refused to appropriate to himself the triumph which 

 had been destined for Trajan, and he caused the image of the deceased 

 emperor to be carried iu the triumph : according to Spartiauun he 

 himself carried it He remitted all the arrears due to the public 

 treasury by individuals in Rome and the rest of Italy, and all that 

 was due from the provinces for sixteen years past ; and he burnt in 

 the Forum of Trajan the schedules of the debts, which are said to 

 have amounted to several millions sterling. Medals were struck on 

 this occasion with the figure of Hadrianus holding a torch and setting 

 fire to the heap, and the legend " He enriches the whole world." In 

 the following year Hadrianus was consul again with Rusticus ; and 

 hearing that the Sarmatians and the Roxolani had made an irruption 

 into Illyricum, he repaired to Micsia, defeated the invaders, obliged 

 them to recross the Danube, and to sue for peace. He appointed 

 Marcius Turbo governor of 1'onuonia and Dacia. From his camp iu 

 the Illyricum he wrote to the senate, accusing of high treason four 

 senators of consular families, who were ordered for immediate exe- 

 cution. Other persons were arrested and put to death a* accomplices 

 in tho alleged conspiracy, and a general alarm spread at Rome, when 

 Hadrianus hurried back and affected to blame the precipitancy of the 

 senate. He compelled Tatiauus, his former guardian, whom he bad 

 made pncfect of the Prtotorian soldier*, and who had abused his 

 power, and had advised the proscriptions, to resign his office. The 

 year alter, Titus Aurelius Fulvius, afterwards the emperor Antoninus 

 Pius, was made consul ; and iu the same year Hadrianus began bis 

 travels through the various parts of the empire, which may be said to 

 have occupied, with few interruptions, the remainder of his reign, a 

 period of about eighteen years. We have memorials of his travels in 

 numerous medals, struck in the various provinces on the occasion of 

 his visit, which form an interesting series : an Italian medallist, 

 Mezzabarba Birago, has put these medals in order and illustrated 

 them. Hadrianus began with Campania, where he distributed sums 

 of money to tho poor of the various towns which he visitod. Indeed 

 liberality in this respect was one of the most conspicuous qualities of 

 this emperor. He next went to Gaul, where he visited all the prin- 

 cipal towns and fortresses ; thence he proceeded to Germany, where 

 the best legions of the empire were stationed, and he remained a con- 

 siderable time among them for the purpose of restoring the discipline, 

 which hod become relaxed. He himself set the example by living as 

 a soldier among the soldiers. Hadriauus was not fond of pomp or 



