HAFIZ, MOHA 



EDDlX. 



HAHXEMANN, SAMUEL. 



kim by will when UM testator had children. Hadrianut gave no 

 power to bit liberti. and punished thoee about him who boasted of 

 their itJueoce for the purpose of extorting money. H wo attentive 

 to ba.is>eea, and an enemy to pomp and parade. If lie cannot be 

 minted one of the beat emperor*, be certainly must not be reckoned 

 anon* the bad. He had an extraordinary memory ; was a good 

 orator, grammarian, poet, and musician ; was acquainted with mathe- 

 matics and medieiue and delighted in the company of learned men; 

 be was also a great friend to the arU of sculpture and architecture. 

 He wa the 6rt emperor who let hU beard grow in order, it it said, 

 to conceal come bleminh in hi* face. 



The busU, statue*, and medal* of Hadrianut are very numerous, 

 and all bear a striking rwemblinoe to each other in the character of 

 the countenance. There ii a full-length ttatue of him and two bints 

 in the Townley Gullerr, British Museum. 



HAFIZ MOHAMMED-SHEMS-EDDIN, a celebrated Tertian poet, 

 was born at Shim, at the beginning of the 14th century of the 

 Christum am. From his earliest yean he received a lettered educa- 

 tion ; and paid great attention to the study of religion and Mussulman 

 jurisprudence. He afterwards cultivated poetry, and became to cele- 

 brated that the Sultan of Baghdad invited him to his court HSDZ 

 howerer appears to hare remained in his native town the greater part 

 of his life. His Persian biographers relate an interview he bad with 

 the celebrated Timur (Tamerlane), who conquered Shins in 1387. 

 The date of his death is uncertain ; it is placed by Daulet Shah, in 

 1989. A splendid monument was erected over his grave, which is 

 described by Kampfer (' Amrcnitates Exotica),' p. 301 ) ; and Franklin 

 (' Observations on a Tour from Bengal to Persia,' pp. 90-97) gives us 

 an account of another monumont erected to his memory in more 

 modern times. 



The porms of Hufir,, like those of Anacreon, celebrate the pleasures 

 of love and wine. They have always been greatly admired in Persia; 

 though many Mohammedans have condemned them for their irre- 

 ligious and licentious tendency. The admirers of Hatiz, on the other 

 hand, contend that his poems are not to be understood in a literal, 

 but in a figurative or allegorical sense ; and that they express in 

 emblematical language the love of the creature to the Creator. The 

 sect of the Sufis, who interpret the poems of Hnfiz in this manner, 

 possess many similar poems. They maintain that by wine he meant 

 devotion, by perfume the hope of divine favour, and some have gone 

 10 far u to compote a dictionary of words in the language of the Sufis 

 (see Sir W. Jones, 'On the Mystical Poetry of the Penians and 

 Hindus,' 'Asiatic Researches," v. 3). But we are not sure that auy 

 of the poems of Hafiz ought to be interpreted in this manner. Sir 

 W. Jones, who was a great advocate for such a mode of interpretation, 

 remarks, in the essay referred to above, " It has been made a question 

 whether the poems of Hafiz must be taken in a literal or figurative 

 tense ; bnt the question does not admit of a general and direct answer; 

 for even the meet enthusiastic of his commentators allow that some 

 of them are to be taken literally, and his editors ought to have dis- 

 tinguished them, instead of mixing the profane with the divine, by a 

 childith arrangement according to the alphabetical order of the 

 rhymes" (p. 172-3). We are aware that many Europeans justify the 

 allegorical mode of interpreting the poems of Hafiz, by a reference to 

 Solomon's Song and the Sanscrit poem 'Gitt, Qoviuda' by Jayadcva. 

 It is however very doubtful whether these poems ought to be inter- 

 preted in an allegorical manner. The poems of Hafiz have had a 

 great number of Sufi commentators, such as Shuri, Seid All, Lamei, 

 Sururi, and Sheroei ; but the most celebrated are the Turkish com- 

 mentators Feridun and Sudi. 



The poems of Hafiz were arranged after his death, by Seid Kasem 

 Anv&ri, and were entitled the ' Divan.' The ' Divan ' contains, accord- 

 ing to the boat manuscripts, 571 odes, called ghazels. They were 

 published in the original Persian, at Calcutta, 1 vol. foL, 1791 ; this 

 edition contains only 657 ghazels, and 7 catsidehs, or elegies. Rewuski 

 published a few of the odes with a Latin translation and the com- 

 mentary of Sudi, under the title of ' Specimen Poeseos Asiatic*), sive 

 Haphysi Gbazelss, sive odn aexdecim,' Vienna, 1771. Several of the 

 ode* are inserted in Sir W. Jones's ' Commentarii 1'oesos Asiatics;; ' 

 Wabl's ' Ken Anbitche Anthologie,' Sro, Leip., 1791 ; Ousley's ' Per- 

 sian Miscellanies,' 4to, Lond., 1791 ; 'Asiatic Miscellany,' 2 volt. Calc., 

 1785-86. The whole 'Divan' was translated into German by Von 

 Hammer, Tubing., 1812; and several of the odes have been trans- 

 lated into English by Richardson, ' Specimen of Persian Poetry, or the 

 odea of Hafiz, with an English translation and paraphrase,' chiefly 

 from the ' Specimen Poeseos Asiatics of Baron Rewuski,' Lond., 1774 ; 

 Nott, ' Select Odes of Hafi translated into English verse,' 4to., Lond., 

 1787; Hindley, 'Persian Lyrics, or scattered poems from the Diwou- 

 i-Hafiz,' 4to, Lond, 1800. 



(Further particulars concerning the life and writings of Hafiz are 

 given in the life prefixed to the Calcutta edition of his poems ; in the 

 biography of Daulet Sb&b, in Wilken's ' Uhreitomathia Pernca,' Lcip., 

 1805 ; and in the 4th vol. of the Nolice* et Estraiti da .l/.SS. ofe {a 

 UMiothlquc d* Hot ; in the article ' Hafiz,' in the Biograpkie L'niver- 

 Kile, by 1. angles; and the tame article in Erech and Umber's Ency- 

 clopSdie, by Kosegarten. 



HAGUAI, one of the twelve minor Hebrew prophets. We know 

 nothing concerning the place or time of hit birth. The pteudo- 



Kpipbanius, in hit ' Livos of the PropheU,' state* that he was born 

 at Babylon ; and according to the llabbis he was a member of the 

 Great Synagogue. The date of Haggai's prophecy is fixed by himself 

 (i. 1), and by Kara (v. 1), in the second year of the reign of Darius 

 1! vstaspU (B.C. 619). We learn from Ezra that the Jews, who returned 

 to their native country in the fir.t year of the reign of Cyrus, com- 

 menced rebuilding the Temple, but were interrupted in their under- 

 taking by the neighbouring satrap*, till the second year of the reign 

 of Darius Hv staspis, when the building wat again continued in conse- 

 quence of the exhortations of Haggai and Zeohari ih. 



The prophecy of Haggai may be divided into four parts : in the 

 first, the prophot urges the people to continue building th<> t -tuple, 

 by the promise that God would bless them in their undertaking, and 

 that their previous neglect had been thu oause of the drought and 

 bad teosous which they had experienced (L) ; in the tooond, he encou- 

 rage* them by the promise that this second temple should surpass 

 the first in glory ; this prophecy is tupposed by many to have been 

 fulfilled by Christ entering the temple (ii. 1-9); in the third, ho 

 promises the people an abundant harvest, since they had begun to 

 build the temple (ii. 10-19); and in the fourth, he fortels the pros- 

 perity of Zerubbabel, governor of Judah (ii. 20-23). Zerubbabel U 

 considered by many commentators to be a type of the Mestiah ; and 

 tho prophecy it tupposed to relate to the glory of the Messiah's 

 kingdom. 



The canonical authority of this book ha* never been disputed. It 

 it quoted by the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews, xii. 26 ; compare 

 Hag. ii. 7, 8, 22. 



The prophecy of Haggai is written in a prosaic stylo, and bean 

 traces of having been composed in a late period of Hebrew literature. 

 It possesses none of that vigour and sublimity which distinguish the 

 works of most of the Hebrew prophets who lived before the Baby- 

 lonish captivity. 



The Septuagint, Vulgate, and Syriac versions of the Old Testament 

 attribute the lllth, 126th, 127th, 146th, 147th, and 148th Psalms to 

 Haggai and Zechariah. 



* HAGUE, LOUIS, was born in 1802, in Belgium; and in that 

 country he acquired the principles of art, but at an early age he came 

 over to England and established himself in London as a lithographer. 

 His drawings on stone soon acquired a high reputation, and in con- 

 nection with Mr. Day, under the firm of Day and Hughe, he did much 

 to show the commercial as well as the artistic capabilities of the new 

 art. Some of the most important and costly works which have been 

 produced in lithography, at least in this country, have been executed 

 by and under the superintendence of Mr. Haghe. Of these, the first 

 in rank, and most finished in style is Roberta's ' Sketches in the Holy 

 Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia,' in four large folio 

 volumes, a work carried on throughout with unflagging brilliancy and 

 underrating excellence, and far surpassing in splendour and finish tho 

 corresponding work by De Laborde, which may be taken as the repre- 

 sentative of French lithographic art. Mr. Hague's lithographs from 

 his own drawings of old Flemish interiors form another magnificent 

 work, and one the more honourable to him, he being the original 

 draftsman, as well as the lithographer. For Mr. Haghe is at least 

 equally skilful with the bru.-h as with the chalk. Indeed in depth 

 and force of light, shade, and colour, vigour and facility of drawing, 

 and general boldness of execution, few among living water-colour 

 pointers in his special line of art equal him. Of late yean Mr. Haghe 

 has more and more devoted himself to painting, and since the disso- 

 lution of partnership between himself and Mr. Day, it has been as a 

 water-colour painter that his name has almost exclusively appeared 

 before the public. He is a leading member of the New Society of 

 1'aintera in Water-Colours, and in the 'annual exhibitions of that 

 society, his admirable representations of the antique interiors of 

 Flemish town-halls, churches, guard-rooms. &c., with which are 

 usually associated the quaint military and civil costumes, and often 

 some historical or romantic incident of the 16th or 17th century, 

 are always a principal attraction. One of these pictures, ' The Hall 

 of Courtray," is in the Vernon Gallery. It deserves to bo mentioned 

 that, remarkable as Mr. Haghe'a drawings and paintings are for their 

 fullness and correctness of detail, as well as for their general effect, 

 they are all, of necessity, executed with the left hand. 



HAHNEMANN, SAMUEL, founder of the system of medicine called 

 Homoeopathy, was born at Meissen, in Upper Saxony, on the 10th of 

 April 1755. Hi* father, Gottfried Hahnemann, who was an artist of 

 considerable merit, was employed in the painting of china in the 

 celebrated porcelain manufactory of Meissen. He was a clever well- 

 educated man, and to him his son owed the first rudiments of his 

 education. He was afterwards placed at an elementary school, tho 

 director of which, Dr. Miiller, remarking talents that only r quired 

 cultivation to raise the boy to eminence, persuaded his father to place 

 him at the High School of Meissen, into which they obtained him a 

 free admission. Hahnemann gladly availed himself of these increased 

 facilities ; he made himself master of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and 

 evinced a decided bias for the study of the physical sciences, natural 

 history, and medicine. Botany was also a favourite pursuit, an. I I, in 

 hours of leisure were devoted to the collection of plants and their 

 systematic arrangement. His intense application and amiable dispo- 

 sition won the goodwill of the bead master and teachers, who vied with 



