2S3 



HANWAY, JONAS. 



HARDICANUTE, 



2S6 



found in the third volume of Arnold's ' History of Rome,' which also 

 contains by far the best account of the second Punic war in the English 

 language. 



(Poly bins, b. iii., which contains the history of Hannibal's campaigns 

 till the battle of Cannse, and the fragments of b. vii., viii., ix.. xiv., xvi. ; 

 Livy, xxL-xxxix. ; Appian ; Plutarch, Life of L. Fabius Maximus ; 

 Nepos, Life of Hannibal.) 



HANWAY, JONAS, born in 1712, was a Russian merchant, con- 

 nected through his Russian dealings with the trade into Persia. 

 Business having led him into that country, he published in 1753 his 

 ' Historical Account of the British Trade over the Caspian Sea, with 

 a Journal of Travels from London through Russia into Persia, &c.,' 

 4 vols. 4to, a work of no pretension to literary elegance, but containing 

 much information on the commercial subjects of which he speaks, and 

 on the history and manners of Persia. The latter part of his life was 

 employed in supporting, by his pen and personal exertions, a great 

 variety of charitable and philanthropic schemes ; and he gained so 

 hi?h and honourable a name, that a deputation of the chief merchants 

 of London made it their request to government that some substantial 

 mark of public favour should be conferred on him. He was in conse- 

 quence made a commissioner of the navy. The Marine Society and 

 the Magdalen Charity, both still in existence, owe their establishment 

 mainly to him : he was also one of the great promoters of Sunday- 

 schools. He died in 1786. (Pugh, Remarkable Occurrences ' the Life 

 fit Joneu Hanway.) 



HARDE.NBERG, CHARLES AUGUSTUS, PRINCE OF, was born 

 lit Egseronda, in Hanover, on the 31st of May 1750. His family was 

 one of the moat ancient in that kingdom, and his father held a high 

 rank in the army during the Seven Years' War. The first part of the 

 future statesman's education was acquired at home under his father's 

 eye. He afterwards went to the universities of Gottingen and Leipzic 

 to continue his studies, which he completed at Wetzlau by a course of 

 law, which in Germany as well as France is considered an indispensable 

 part of a sound education. In this place be had the good fortune to 

 meet with Gothe, with whom he formed a friendship which continued 

 through life. 



In 1776 he commenced a course of travel, in order to prepare himself 

 for public life : be visited Ratisbon, Vienna, and Berlin, making some 

 stay at each place ; then passed into France, thence into Hollan ), and 

 lastly into England. In 1778 he returned to Hanover, was immediately 

 appointed to a place in a ministerial office, and the title of count was 

 conferred upon him. 



Shortly afterwards, Count de Hardenberg was sent on a diplomatic 

 mission to London, when he acquitted- himself of his trust with so 

 much credit that he was repeatedly sent back as envoy to the British 

 court, each time with increased reputation. He bad previously married 

 Mademoiselle de Reventlow, and for some yean their union had proved 

 a happy one, when an intrigue between her and one of the royal 

 princes of England having been discovered, tho injured husband 

 resented the wrong in such a way as to render his removal from his 

 post advisable. A separation from his wife took place ; ho withdrew 

 to the court of Brunswick, was made a privy-councillor by the duke, 

 and in 1787 his minister for the interior government of the duchy. 



The will of Frederick the Great had been deposited in the hands of 

 the Duke of Brunswick, upon whom therefore the duty had devolved 

 of transmitting the document to the successor of that monarch, and 

 tliis important mission was confided by the duke to Count de Harden- 

 berg. This commission proved the introduction to his future eminence. 

 Frederick William received him with much distinction, and in 1790 

 the Margrave of Anspach and Baireuth, having applied to that king to 

 point out a man capable of administering his states, the royal favour 

 was evinced by the strongest recommendation of Count de Hardenberg. 

 The following year these principalities were annexed to Prussia, and 

 the king created him minister of state, besides leaving in his bands the 

 government of the two provinces. As soon as the war broke out with 

 the French republic, the King of Prussia summoned him to his bead- 

 quarters at Frankfurt as army-administrator, in which capacity he 

 spent a great part of 1793 with the Prussian army on the banks of the 

 Rhine. In 1794 he succeeded the Count de Goltz (who had died 

 February 6) as ambassador to treat of peace with tho French republic ; 

 but the appointment excited jealousy, tho Prussians having suspected 

 that as a Hanoverian he would prove too favourable to English 

 int'-rcsto. 



On the 15th of A prill 79 4 he signed the treaty of peace at Basel, and 

 on his return to Berlin in June, Frederick William, in presence of his 

 whole court, decorated him with his grand order of the Black Eagle. 

 So great was his credit at this juncture, that the French Committee of 

 Public Safety, having no orders to bestow, sent him a splendid service 

 of Sevres porcelain, once intended for the table of Louis XVI. From 

 1795" to 1802 he continued to rise in favour with the Prussian court, 

 and the direction of the affairs of Franconia, the cabinet offices left 

 vacant by the deaths of the ministers Werder and Heidnitz, were 

 successively intrusted to Hardenberg. The new king, Frederick 

 William III., who succeeded to the crown in 1797, and whose friend- 

 ship for the count was equal to his father's, had long desired to intrust 

 his chief government to this able man ; but the jealousy of M. de 

 Haugwitz, whose policy was favourable to France, prevented this 

 arrangement for some years. At length the occupation of Hanover by 



Bernadotte's corps in 1804 having driven Haugwitz from power, Count 

 de Hardenberg was appointed to his office in August of that year. 



The French troops having violated the Anspach territory, Count de 

 Hardenberg (October 14, 1805) addressed a letter of remonstrance to 

 Marshal Duroc, bitterly complaining of this breach of the right of 

 nations. The firmness of the minister irritated Napoleon, who 

 retorted by invectives published in the ' Moniteur.' Almost imme- 

 diately after a convention was signed at Potsdam, between Prussia and 

 Russia, on the 3rd of November 1805, and Frederick William III. was 

 preparing for war, when the decisive battle of Auaterlitz (December 2, 

 1805) compelled him to desist. The genius of Napoleon was now in 

 the ascendant, and Prussia was forced to conclude a new treaty at 

 Vienna on the 15th of December, by which a part of her territory 

 was ceded to the French empire, and Northern Germany was bound 

 to observe a neutral policy. This change of affairs deprived the count 

 of his office, and his rival, M. de Haugwitz, was reinstated. During 

 the seven years which followed, the progress of the war and the 

 personal enmity of Napoleon kept him almost entirely in the back- 

 ground ; although, in 1807, he consented to resume office for a short 

 time, in compliance with the recommendation of the Emperor Alex- 

 ander. Whilst his adopted country was overrun by the armies of 

 Napoleon, this great statesman was forced to seek an asylum in 

 Russia, after which he returned to Berlin, and took up his abode at 

 Tempelhof, in the vicinity of that city. 



The constant success of the British arms in Spain and Portugal, 

 and the frequent drawn battles between the French and Russian 

 armies, discovered to the sagacity of Count de Hardenberg that the 

 power of Napoleon was on the decline; and in 1810 he began that 

 system of agitation in Prussia from which ho never afterwards 

 desisted until the fall of his enemy. On the 6th of June 1810 he was 

 created Chancellor of State. Nothing could exceed the distress to 

 which the kingdom of Prussia at this time was reduced : her territory 

 had been shorn ; her interior was occupied by French armies ; her 

 fortresses had been seized and garrisoned by her enemies ; all her 

 military stores and magazines had been captured. Such was the 

 unhappy condition of Prussia when Count de Hardenberg was called 

 to direct her government, shortly before the disasters of the retreat 

 from Moscow in 1812. This great calamity, and the immediate revo- 

 lution in the power of the French empire which it entailed (both 

 which the count had predicted), at once rendered the statesman's 

 influence absolute in Prussia. He had passed the age of sixty when 

 this, the most active part of his life, began. During the whole war 

 of independence he followed the steps of Napoleon, quickening every 

 day the animosity and vengeance of his enemies. The regiments of 

 the Prussian armies had been reduced to mere skeletons by long 

 reverses; they were restored by Hardenberg to the fullest state of 

 efficiency. The public treasury was without funds ; he discovered 

 new resources, and replenished it. The spirit of the people had been 

 enervated, and the majority were favourable to the French alliance ; 

 the count was able to reverse this feeling, and to produce that 

 patriotism which was so conspicuous in Prussia during the last three 

 years of tho war. He signed the treaty of peace, as the representative 

 of his sovereign, on the 3rd of June 1814, and was created a prince 

 for his great services, receiving besides the rich domain of Newhar- 

 denberg for himself and his heirs in perpetuity. After Napoleon's 

 abdication the prince accompanied the allied sovereigns to London, 

 and was then sent as plenipotentiary to the congress of Vienna. In 

 1817 the King of Prussia entrusted to him the formation of anew 

 government, and he became prime minister. Subsequently he 

 attended every congress as the representative of his royal master. 

 He reformed the system of taxation throughout every department, 

 and regulated the disposal of the national archives. After being 

 present at the congresses of Troppau, Laybach, and Verona, he was 

 returning home through the north of Italy when he was taken ill at 

 Pavia, and died at Genoa, on the 26th of November 1822, at the age 

 of seventy-two. 



It would not be easy to overrate the public services of this energetic 

 minister, which were equally important during and after the war. He 

 abolished the privileges of the nobles, who were exempt from many 

 taxes on account of their rank, and made them contribute to the 

 support of the state ; he dissolved a multitude of trade corporations ; 

 he did all that he was permitted to do to unfetter trade and commerce 

 by the removal of restrictions, and greatly improved the system of 

 public education. The Prince of Hardenberg was married three 

 times, but his first wife alone had issue ; by her he had two sons. 

 It is generally understood that he left behind him some valuable 

 memoirs of his time ; but William IV. having caused them to be 

 deposited among the archives of the kingdom, they have not yet beea 

 published. 



(Rabbe ; Diet, de la Conversation ; Thiers ; Alison.) 



HARDICANUTE, HARDECANUTE, or HARDACANUTE, was 

 the eldest of the sons of Canute the Great, king of England, Den- 

 mark, and Norway, by Emma, styled the " Flower of Normandy," 

 daughter of Richard I., duke of Normandy, and widow of King 

 Ethelred II., whom he had married in 1017. [ETHELUED II.] The 

 death of Canute, in 1035, brought forward as claimants to the inheri- 

 tance of his dominions Sweyn and Harold, his two sons by Alfgiva, 

 daughter of Alf helm, earl of Northampton ; Hardieanute, his son by 



