HAROLD II. 



HARPOCRATION, VALERIUS. 



of Prince Alfred, bo had wishtd might (tick in hit throat if then 

 wm any truth in the obarg*. The tory, which WM unknown to the 

 contemporary HnnaluU, is of kind too well adapted to the credulous 

 upcntitiou ot the age in whielt iu fint relatera livrd, a* well at to 

 their mtrrvu and prejudices, to leave much doubt ai to it* origin. 

 At th time of hii death Godwin waa the moil powerful subject in 



pardoned for resistance to the royal authority and other Crimea, had 

 died abroad a abort time before the death of hi* father. On Oudwin'a 

 death hi earldom of Knit, which beaidea that county comprehended 

 all WCSMX and Suawx, wai given to hia second aon, Harold ; Harold's 

 own earldom, under which were included th counties of BSMX, 

 Middlesex, Huntingdon, Cambridge, and the rest of the ancient king- 

 dom of East Anglia, brin* at the same time trantferred to Alfgar, tlio 

 aon of Lfcofric, styled Karl of Leicester, the potent rival of the Uodwiu 

 family. This latter arrangement waa not tamely submitted to by 

 Harold : Alfgar was outlawed by the witenngeuiot on a charge of 

 treason which Harold brought against him ; on which, flying to 

 Ireland, he speedily retained with a force of Danes from that country, 

 and of auxiliaries from Wale*, to lery open war against the Saxon king. 

 Harold waa despatched by Edward to meet the rebels ; but a contest 

 of arms was prevented by a negotiation which restoit <1 the earldom to 

 Alfgar, whu soon after also succeeded to the honours and estates of 

 his father Leofnc, but did not live above a year to enjoy them. Harold 

 meanwhile, as the king's commander-in chief, turned to chastise the 

 WeUh for the aid they bad given to the revolt; and a series of hos- 

 tilities with that people commenced which did not finally terminate 

 until in 1063, after Harold had twice carried fire and sword through 

 their country, they m-nt him the head of their Prince Griffith, in token 

 of their entire submission. It was about two years after this that 

 Harold was shipwrecked on the coast of Ponthieu, where he was 

 immediately seized by the Earl Guy, and on the demand of William, 

 duke of Normandy (afterwards kiug of England), delivered over to 

 that prince. William did not permit his prisoner to embark for 

 England till be had compelled him to take a solemn oath, in presence 

 of the assembled Norman barons, that he would do everything in his 

 power, on the decease of Edward, to promote the duke's succession to 

 the English crown. It would appear to have been already well under- 

 stood, or at least generally suspected, that the English earl looked to 

 this prize for himself. Immediately after he returned home, Harold 

 found himself involved in a new affair of difficulty. This was the 

 insurrection of the people of Northumberland against his younger 

 brother Tohtig, who a few years before had been appointed their earl 

 on the death of the great Siward, but whose mUgovenimeut and savage 

 exceasta of dtspotisui had at length become insupportable. The 

 insurgents had placed at their bend Morcar, the eldest of the two sons 

 of the recently-deceased Earl Alfgar ; and he and his brother Edwin 

 had come to their assistance witu the men of Lincoln, Nottingham, 

 Derby, and Leicester, and also a body of WeUh auxiliaries. Harold, 

 who was sent to meet them, either deemed their force too formidable 

 or their demands too just, to be resisted ; it was agreed, without 

 coming to blows, that the earldom should be taken from Tostig and 

 given to Morcar. Un this Tostig retired to Bruges, brooding, as it 

 presently appeared, on schemes of vengeance. Tbe death of Kdward 

 theContessor (January 6th 1066) followed in little more than a month 

 after this pacification, which had been perhaps the more readily 

 accorded by Harold iu consequence of the near prospect of that event : 

 he was at band when it took place. On the evening of the same 

 day, a report having been circulated that Edward bad named him 

 for his successor before he breathed his last, he was proclaimed 

 king iu an aatembly of the thanes and of the citizens of London, 

 u the cathedral of St. Paul's. The next day he was solemnly 

 crowned in the tame place, a few hours after the interment of the 

 Ute king. 



For more than half a year Harold was left to occupy the throne he 

 had thus obtained iu quiet. His accession evidently took place with 

 the general assent of tue nation ; the nobility with few exceptions, 

 ai.il the bishops with scarcely any, avowed themselves its authors and 

 supporters; the acquiescence of the people was complete everywhere, 

 except, for a brief >pace at first, among the Northumbrians, who were, 

 Low. v, r, <aMly induced to lay aside their scruples by the influence of 

 their Earl Morcar, whose sister Editha Harold had married ; and on 

 the whole there is no reason to suppose that he would have bad any 

 tiouble in maintaining himself if be had been allowed to remain 

 nnmoli-sled by attacks Irorn abroad. Two foreign enemies however at 

 length usailed him nearly at the same time. His brother Tostig, 

 having formed a confederacy with Harold Hardrada, king of Norway, 

 first uiade a descent upou the Isle of Wight, and after be had leviid 

 contributions from the inhabitants, sailed round at the head of hii 

 Beet of aixty vessels to the mouth of the Tjne, where he was joined 

 about the beginning of September by Hardrada with a tiavy of three 

 hundred tail The iuvad.rs had driven back Earls Morcar and lidwin, 

 and mud* themtelves masters of the entire province of York before 

 Harold came up. Uu the 26th of September luuti however ha engaged 

 them at Stamford Bridge, on the Derwent, when both Hardrada and 

 Tostig fell, and the English king obtained a complete victory. Only 



three days after this the Duke of Normandy landed at Bulvei hitlie, 

 between I'evensey and Hastings, on the southern coast, with a mighty 

 armament, which he bad ipeut the preceding eight months in : 

 out. Hurold, having lint proceeded to London, did not reach the 

 Norman camp till the 13th of October 1066. On the morning of the 

 following day battle was joined at a place then called Senlac (now 

 Battle), about nine miles from Hastings. The issue of this memorable 

 engagement, which lasted the whole day, was the complete defeat and 

 rout of the English, after Harold himself had fallen, pierced through 

 the head by au arrow hi two brothers, Uurth and Leofwine, having 

 also been already slain. This victory, as all know, gave the crown of 

 England to the Duke of Normandy, by whose descendants it has ever 

 since been worn. 



Harold U said to hare been twice married. By his first wife, whose 

 name has not been preserved, he had three ions, Edmund, Godwin, 

 and Magnus, who on the death of their father tied to Ireland, from 

 which tuey afterwards attempted some descents on the western coast* 

 of England, but eventually retired to Denmark. His secoud wife, 

 Editha, otherwise called Algitha, the daughter of Earl Alfgar, is aaid 

 to have been the widow of Griffith, the WeUh prince, whose head had 

 been sent by his subjects as a peace-offering to Harold. By her Harold 

 is asserted to have hud a son and two daughters ; but, as it is admitted 

 that he was only married to her some time in 1065 at the earliest, 

 we may doubt it she could already have produced so considerable a 

 family. The son, named Wolf, is said to have been knighted by 

 William Kufus; Guuilda, the eldest daughter, became blind, and 

 passed tier life in a nunnery ; the second, whose name is unknown, is 

 supposed to have gone to Denmark with her half-brothers. Queen 

 Editha survived her husband many years, during which she is said to 

 have lived in obscurity in Westminster. This lady, according to the 

 Scottish historians, was the mother by her first husband of a daughter 

 who married Fleauee, the son of Bauquo, thane of Lochaber, whose 

 sou Walter, marrying a daughter of Alan the lied, earl of Brittany, 

 became the progenitor of the Stewart*. (On this story see Appendix 

 No. X. to the first volume of Hailes's ' Annals of Scotland.') 



HARRALUS. [DEMOSTHENES.] 



HARPE, JEAN-FRANCOIS UE LA, was born at Paris in 1739, 

 and educated at the College d'Harcourt. He here unfortunately 

 undertook the correction of a pasquinade against one of his instructors, 

 and was accordingly suspected of being its author, and also the author 

 of another which was directed against the tutor who had been hia 

 greatest benefactor. Iu consequence he was imprisoned for nine 

 months in the Ba.-tile. In 1762 he published a collection of juvenile 

 poems. He was fortunate with a tragedy called ' Warwick,' which he 

 produced iu the following year, but leas so with two others entitled 

 Pharamoud ' and ' Timoleou.' It was about this time that his 

 acquaintance with Voltaire commenced. He now began to write eloges 

 for the Acade'mie, and those of Henry IV., Fenelon, and Kaoine were 

 highly commended. His poems ana dramas, excepting ' Warwick,' 

 and his translations from Sophocles, made comparatively small impres- 

 sion. He alterwards published his ' Lyce'e, ou Cours de la Littcrature,' 

 his ' Me'tnoires Littcraires,' and a satirical work called ' Correspondence 

 Turque.' At the commencement of the Revolution he was a zealous 

 republican ; but the imprisonment which he suffered from the demo- 

 crats changed his politics, and he became a warm defender of the 

 church and the monarchy. He was bold enough at the first sittings 

 of the ' Lyce'e dts Arts ' to inveigh against tue Terrorist*, and he 

 would have suffered from their vengeance if he had not escaped by 

 flight. After the Itth Brurnaire (Uth of November 1799), he began 

 auew his lectures at the Lyce'e. Shortly before his death his freedom 

 of speech olfeuded the first consul, and he was banished to Orleans. 

 He returned to Paris soon afterwards, and died iu 1803. 



The reputation of La Harpe rests on bis ' Lyce'e/ which is a very 

 valuable work to the student of French literature, of which it gives 

 a complete history from its commencement to the author's owu time. 

 The criticisms on the different writers are not founded on principles 

 acknowledged by the English, but perhaps the value of the book is ou 

 that account greater, as it exhibits the object of the French authors, 

 and the standard according to which they are to be judged when com- 

 pared with each other. The philological remarks also are serviceable 

 in instructing the reader in the niceties of the language. The part 

 relating to ancient literature is of little value. 



HAIU'OCKA'TIOM, VALE'KIUS, a Greek rhetorician of Alex- 

 andria. We have no particulars of his life, nor of the time in which 

 he lived. He wrote a ' Lexicon to the Ten Orators,' which contains 

 on account of many of the persons aud facts mentioned in tlte orations 

 of the ten principal orators of Athens, and also an explanation of 

 many words and phrases iu their writings ; the work is particularly 

 valuable ou account of the information it contains respecting the 

 public and civil law of Athens, aud also for its historical aud anti- 

 quarian information. 



Tim ' Lexicon ' waa first printed by Aldus in 1503, with the scholia 

 of I ' ipiaii ou the Philippic orations of Demosthenes. The first critical 

 edition was that of Aiassac, 4to, Paris, 1614, with many notes aud a 

 couim< ntary ; it was reprinted by Blaucard, with a Latin translation, 

 Leyden, 1683, 4to; and by Grouovius, 4to, 1696. Later aud improved 

 editions are those of W. Dindorf, Leipzig, 1824, 2 vols. 8vo; Bekker, 

 Svo, Berlin, 1S33. Suidaa mentions another work of Hippooration, 



