HAUOHTON, WILLIAM. 



HAUTEFEUILLE, JEAN DE. 



318 



wu hardly ever * xcelled in UM skill of applying temporary expedient* 

 to temporary difficulties; in putting off the evil day, and in giving a 

 fair eompUxiou to the prewut one. lie bad not the forward and 

 inipuMug an la.-itt ..! i live ; but be bad a calm firmnea, which usually 

 by iu euu.Uncy wore out all resistance. He wa the tint, or among 

 UM firat, of the scrranU of the Company who attempted to acquire any 

 language of the native*, and who sat on foot thooe liberal inquiries into 

 UM literature and institutions of the Hindoo*, which have led to the 

 satisfactory knowledge of the present day. He had that great art of 

 a ruler, which consists iu attaching to the governor those who ore 

 governed : an- 1 most assuredly bis administration was popular, both 

 with liis countrymen and the natives in Bengal." (Book v, ch. 8.) 

 The estimate of his character by Macaulay iu his famous Kit-ay is 

 more favourable, but, on the whole, perhaps, not more so than was 

 merited. 



HAl'iIHTON". WILLIAM, a dramatic writer, was probably some- 

 what the junior of Sbakspvre. In Henslowo'a Diary, under the date 

 of November 15U7, he is called ' Young Uaughtou :' and hit name 

 occurs frequently in that curious record, till the end of the year 

 1600, but not later. In March 1599 Heuslowe lent him ten shillings 

 to pay a debt, for which he then lay in the Clink prison ; and con- 

 stant advances of small tutus, in farm st of the price of drama* which 

 he was writing for the old manager, .-how him to have been as poor or 

 improvident as most of his fellow-playwrights. He wrote several 

 plays unassisted ; in others his coadjutors wei e Chettle, Day, and still 

 more frequently Dekker, with whom indeed he teems to have stood 

 in particularly close relations. In 1600 there was licensed a tragedy 

 of his, not preserved, called ' Ferrex and Porrex ;' and Mr. Collier baa 

 conjectured that Haughton's ' Devil and his Dam,' described aa in pro- 

 gress about the same time, may have been an alteration of ' Grim, the 

 Collier of Cioydon.' The same critic is more confident in believing 

 that 'The Spanish Moor's Tragedy,' for which, in February 1600 

 Henslowe made to Dekker, Haughton, and Day a payment of three 

 pounds to account, was the wild tragedy called ' Lust's Dominion,' 

 which was printed for the first time in 1 057, and has been inserted 

 (without reason) in the recent edition of Marlowe's works. But the 

 only extant plays in which Haughton was certainly concerned are two. 

 1, He was sole author of the lively comedy called ' Englishmen for 

 My Money ; or, a Woman will have her Will,' which (under the latter 

 title) appear* in Henslowe's book iu 1598. It was printed in 1616, 

 1626, and 1631, and bos been reprinted in a small collection called 

 The Old English Drama,' 1830, 4 vole. 12mo. 2, Dekker, Haughton, 

 and Chettle were jointly the authors of ' The Pleasant Couiodie of 

 Patient Qrisaill,' entered at Stationers' Hall in March, 1600, printed 

 in 1603, and reprinted from a very rare copy by the Shakespeare 

 Society in 1811. 



HAUKAL.ABUL KASEM MOHAMMED IBN, a celebrated Arabic 



traveller and geographer. The few particulars we possess concerning 

 hix lite are derived from his own work. From this we learn that he 

 paid great attention to the study of geography from his earliest years, 

 and collected all the books he could obtain which treated of lor. ign 

 nations; that partly with a view to obtain farther information, and 

 partly to avoid the tyranny of the reigning sultan, and to improve 

 his own fortune by trade, he set out from Baghdad, A.H. 331 (A.D. 942-3), 

 in order to visit foreign countries. He does not tell ua into what 

 countries he travelled ; but we loarn from his own account that he 

 was in Mesopotamia A.U. 358 (A.D. 96S-9) ; in Africa A.U. 360 (A.D. 

 97o 1; j in Sicily A.H. 362 (A.D. 972-3); uud iu Mecca A.H. 364 or 5 

 (A.D. 974-5 or 975-6). 



Haukal's work on geography is entitled 'A book of Roads and 

 Kingdoms.' He states m ti.e preface that he composed the work to 

 give a description of all the countries in which the Mohammedan 

 religion prevailed, together with the revenue.-, natural productions, 

 and commerce of each. After giving a general view of tha earth, and 

 a brief description of the nations which do not profess the Moham- 

 medan religion, he first describes Arabia, since it contains Mecca and 

 the Caaba, and afterwards the seas and other countries subject to 

 Mohammedans. The description of each country is accompanied by 

 a uj.ip ; but Abulfeda, who frequently quotes Haukal iu hia treatise 

 on Geography, complains that tlie names are inaccurately spelled, and 

 that the latitudes and longitudes are not put down in these maps. 

 Haukal mentions the name* of other writers on Geography, from 

 whom he derived great ai-sistauce ; namely, Ibn Khordadbeh, Al 

 Jihani, and Abul Faraj Kodama Ibn Jafar, whose works be always 

 carried with him in his travels. 



Manuscripts of Haukal's work on geography are rarely met with 

 even in the Last ; there is a copy in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, 

 and another at Levdeu. From the latter MS. Uylenbroeck has given 

 an interesting account of the work iu his ' iracaj Peraicn Descriptio; 

 jinciuiM eat Disaertatio de ibu Haukali Geograpbi codice Lugouno- 

 BaUvo,' 4to., Lug. Bat. 1822 ; to which we are indebted for the greater 

 pan of the preceding remarks. 



Ouseley published, from what he conceived to be a Persian trans- 

 lation ol tue Arabic of Haukal, a work entitled ' The Oriental Geography 

 of tun Haukal, a traveller ol the 10th century, 1 Lond. IsOO ; aud De 

 Sacy gave a lurther account of this work in the ' Magasiu Encyclo- 

 peVijque,' vol. vi. pp. 32-76, 161-106, 807-333. But Uylenbroeck has 

 shown, in the work already referred to, that the Persian treatise trans- 



lated by Ouseley cannot be regarded as either a translation or an 

 abridgement of the Arabic of Haukal, since, independently of other 

 differences, it appears to have been written in the beginning of the 

 4th century of the Hegirs, while Haukal's work was not composed till 

 A.H. 366 or ''',. I '.lit he considers it probable from many circum- 

 stances that the Persian work was one of those which Haukal madf 

 use of in compiling his Geography, and that it was written by Ibn 

 Khordadbeh. 



HAl'KSHKE or HAWKSBEE, FKANCIS. was born in the latter 

 part of the 17th century. The exact year of bis birth is un*. 

 and also that of his death ; but it appears from the minute* of tha 

 Koyal Society that he was admitted a Fellow of that body iu 1705, at 

 which period it is probable be wu appointed to the office of curator 

 of experiments to the Society. Previous to the time of llauksbee, 

 electiicity could not be said to exist as a science. I >r. Gilbert of 

 Colcluitrr bad published a book on magnetism about the beginning 

 of the 17th century, wherein he gave a lint of certain substances which, 

 when rubbed, acquire the property of attracting light bodies ; and 

 similar phenomena had likewise been observed by Boyle, but with the 

 exception of these insulated facts nothing was known concerning 

 electricity. Even the electrical discoveries of Mr. Hauksbee were not 

 of any great importance iu themselves, but, as Dr. Thomson observes 

 in bis ' History of the Koyal Society,' " they constituted the beginning 

 of the science, and, by drawing the attention of philosophers to that 

 particular subject, were doubtless of considerable service iu promoting 

 electrical investigations." Between 1705-11, there appear several papers 

 iu the ' Transactions of the Koyal Society,' giving a detailed account 

 of his experiments. In 1706 he had recognised the electricity of glass 

 by friction, and was thence led to the first rudiments of n 

 machine. In 1709 he published hia ' Phyaico- Mechanical Experiments 

 on various subjects; touching light and electricity producible on the 

 attrition of bodies,' London, -Ho., which was shortly after translated 

 into Italian by Thomas Deroham. The work was also translated into 

 French by M. Brernoud, but the latter having died before completing 

 the translation, the publication was delayed till 1754, when it was 

 revised and edited by M. Desuwrest, who added the more recent dis- 

 coveries of Hauksbee, aud the yet more important ones of Mr. Gray. 

 In addition to the works already mentioned, Hauksbee his left 

 ' Proposals for a Course of Chemical Experiments,' London, 1731, 4to.; 

 'Au Essay for introducing a Portable Laboratory,' London, 1731, Svo.; 

 betides numerous papers on various philosophical subjects iu the 

 Society's ' Transactions.' 



HAUTEFEU1LLE, JEAN DE, a French mechanician, was born at 

 Orleans, .March 20, 1647. His father, who was a baker, being accus- 

 tomed to supply with bread the master of the house at which the 

 Duchess of Bouillon then resided, prevailed upou this person to recom- 

 mend the youth to the notice of that lady. The duchess having con- 

 sented to see bin), an interview took place, when the lady was sj well 

 satisfied with the young man that she engaged to pay the expense of 

 bis education ; aud, on his enteriug into the ecclesiastical state, she 

 retained him in her service. He never after quitted his benefactress, 

 who conferred upon him several benefices, and at her death she 

 bequeathed to him a pension. 



'ihe Abbe Hautefeuille, such was his designation, devoted himself 

 to the study of subjects connected with physical science, and to the 

 construction or improvement of instruments ; but he is distinguished 

 chiedy by the claims which he advanced in 1675 to the honour of 

 having invented a i-pring-balauce for watches. This contrivance con- 

 sisted of a straight spring of steel which he applied to that it served 

 to regulate the movements. About the same time Huyghens invented 

 for the like purpose, a spring, which he made of a spiral form : it hap- 

 pened however that Hauteleuille had communicated his invention to 

 the Acaddiuie des Sciences of Paris iu the preceding year ; therefore 

 when Huyghens applied to the French Government to bo allowed the 

 exclusive privilege of using it, he was opposed by Hautefeuille, aud 

 he subsequently withdrew hia application. It la remarkable Ui:it 

 Dr. Hooke hod, about the year 1 (job, invented a balance-spring for 

 watches, but he spent several years iu improving his escapement, aud 

 his watches were not made public till about the same year that the 

 inventions of Hautefeuille and Huyghens were iu use m Paris. 



The other inventions, or rather projects of Hauteleuillo are 

 numerous, but leu of the m appear to have been brought to perfection. 



Ha published iu 1 liliJ, at Paris, a work entitled ilecueii dea 

 Ouvragesde Al. de Haiuefeuille,' which contains an explanation of the 

 effects of speaking-trumpets ; uu account of a pendulum clock iu which 

 the weight was to be raised by the actiou of the atmosphere ; a 

 method ot raising water by means of fired gunpowder; and on account 

 of some improvements in telescopes iu which the Held of view was to 

 bo increased by ineona of a concave mirror; also some observations on 

 machines lor raising water; a description of a pump which was to net 

 without friction ; aud an account 01 u contrivance lor mounting teles- 

 copes of great length. 



jlautt'leuillo published a method of defining the declination of a 

 magnetic needle iltiatf; ; an account of a magnetic balancu (11(12); 

 with accounts of a micromctrical microscope, and of au instrument for 

 observing the altitudes of celestial bodies. He also published, iu 1719, 

 a work entitled Mouveau .Systeme du Flux et Kettux da la Aler,' iu 

 which the phenomena of the tides arc made to depend upou n parti- 



