317 



HAUY, RENK-JUST, ABBE. 



HAWKINS, SIR JOHN. 



818 





cular motion which he ascribes to the earth ; but the beat of his works 

 is his ' Dissertation sur la Cause de 1'Ecbo,' which had been read 

 before the Academy of Bordeaux in 1718, and was published in that 

 city in 1 Til. 



Hautefeuille appears to have been in haste to publish his ideas as 

 goon as they arose in his mind, without waiting to put them to the 

 test of experiment ; and consequently most of his projects are crude 

 conceptions which have not led to any object of practical utility. 

 The opinion entertained of him by his countrymen is manifest from 

 the fact that he was never admitted a member of the Acadernie des 

 Sciences, though ho ardently desired that honour. He died October 

 18, 1724, being then c eventv-seven years of age. 



HAUY, RENE-JUST, ABBE, a distinguished French mineralogist, 

 was born February 28, 1743, at St. Just, in the present department 

 of Oise. He commenced his studies at the college of Navarre, to 

 which college he was appointed professor in 1764, and subsequently 

 also to that of the Cardinal Le Moine. His attention was first drawn 

 to the subject of mineralogy by attending the lectures of M. Dauben- 

 ton, but the accidental fracture of a beautiful specimen belonging to 

 his friend M. France de Croisset is said to have led him to the discovery 

 of the geometrical law of crystallisation. Haiiy was anxiously em- 

 ployed in collecting the scattered fragments of the crystal which he 

 had broken, when M. Croisset, whom the accident had rendered 

 almost inconsolable, desired he would not give himself that trouble, 

 and directed a domestic to remove the pieces, which, in his own 

 opinion, were no langer of any value. But Haiiy, who regarded them 

 with extreme attention, requested permission to remove them himself, 

 remarking that the conformity of the superposed plates of crystalline 

 matter with the planes of the central prism or nucleus had revealed 

 to him a secret which he wished more fully to explore. From this 

 moment he applied himself sedulously to the development of the 

 truth which his genius had detected, and his efforts were rewarded 

 with tie success they roerited. He was the first to show that the 

 structure of crystalline substances was regulated by laws as invariable 

 as those to which organised bodies are subjected, and thus crystallo- 

 graphy for the first time assumed the character of a regular science. 

 His theory rests upon the supposition that all the crystalline forms 

 belonging to any single species of mineral are derivable from some one 

 simple form which may be regarded as the type of the species; it 

 likewise supposes that the angles at which the planes of crystals 

 can be inclined to each other are confined within certain limits, an 

 erroneous supposition which may probably be attributed to the imper- 

 fection of the instrument* employed to measure them. In compliance 

 with the request of Messrs. Daubenton and Laplace, Haiiy communi- 

 cated the result of bis researches to the Royal Academy, and was 

 elected a member of that society in 1783. 



During the Revolution he was thrown into prion for refusing to 

 take the oath of obedience required of the priest, but the exertions of 

 (teoHroy Saint Hilaire, one of his pupils, and the remark of a citizen, 

 that " it were better to spare a recusant priest, than to put to death a 

 quiet man of letters," obtained his release, and probably saved his 

 life. In 1791 he was appointed conserver of the minerulogical collec- 

 tions of the School of Mines, and the following year he received the 

 appointment of secretary to the commission of weights and measures. 

 Under the consulship of Napoleon he became professor of mineralogy 

 at the Museum of Natural History, and professor of the Faculty of 

 Sciences at the Academy of Paris. Haiiy died at Paris, June 3, 1822. 

 Besides numerous memoirs upon mineralogy and electricity, inserted 

 in the ' Journal des Mines ' and the ' Annals of the Museum of Natural 

 History,' he has left the following works : 'An Essay on the Structure 

 of Crystals,' 1 vol., 1784 ; ' Exposition of the Theory of Electricity and 

 Magnetism,' 1 vol.; 'Treatise on Mineralogy,' 4 vols., 1822; 'Treatise 

 on Physics,' 2 vols., 1821; ' TreatUe on Crystallography,' 2 vols., 1822; 

 and some others. 



HAVEUCAMP, SIUEBEKT, was born at Utrecht in 1683. He 

 -,tu ii'-d philology at Leyden under Gronovius, whom he succeeded as 

 professor of Greek. He was also appointed afterwards professor of 

 history and eloquence. He died on tb 25th of April 1742. 



H.ivercamp edited many of the classical writers with numerous 

 notes, which were principally selected from former commentators. Of 

 these the most important are ' Tertulliani Apologeticus,' 8vo, Leyd., 

 ' Lucretiu*,' 2 vols., 4to, Leyd., 1725 ; ' Josephus,' 2 vols., fol., 

 Amst, 172tf; 'Eutropius,' 8vo, Lyi, 1729; ' Orosius,' 4to, Leyd., 

 1738; 'Salluat,' 2 Tola., 4to, Amst, 1742; ' Censorinus,' 8vo, 1743. 

 He was also the author of many original works, of which the most 

 tant are, 'A Universal History,' fol., 1736, in Dutch; ' Intro- 

 ductiu in Hiatoriain Patria) a primis Hollandiao comitibus,' 8vo, 

 Le>d., 1739; 'Sylloge scriptonun qui de linguae Gra>u vera et recta 

 pronunciations comnientaria reliquerunt,' 2 vols., Leyd., 1736-40; 

 rtatiouea de Alexandri Magni Numismate,' 4to, Leyd., 1722; 

 'Thesaurm Morolliimu,' 2 vols., fol., 1734; ' Introductio in Anti- 

 quitatvs Komanas,' ivo, Leyd., 1740. The list of Havercamp'a writings 

 hows that he was a laborious scholar ; but many of his works bear 

 traces of having been written in a hasty and careless manner. 



HAWKS, STEPHEN, author of ' The Pastime of Pleasure,' lived 



at the beginning of the 16tn century, but the date of his birth and 



ire alike uncertain. He calls himself " gentleman and grome 



of thu chamber to the famous Prynce and socoudo Salomon, Kynge 



Henrye the Seuenth." He was a native of Suffolk, and refers in his 

 poems to Lydgate as his master. His accomplishments made him a 

 favourite with Henry VII., who had some taste in literature, parti- 

 cularly French, in which Hawes's travels liad given him uncommon 

 skill, and poetry such as that of Lydgate and Chaucer, in tho repetition 

 of which Hawes was a great proficient. 



His ' Pastime of Pleasure ' is an allegorical poem, " containing the 

 knowledge of the seven sciences and the course of Man's life in this 

 world." Graund Amour goes through the town of Doctrine, where 

 he meets the Sciences, becomes enamoured of La bell Pucel, whom he 

 marries, and with whom he spends his life. It is by courtesy to 

 metre, and scarcely for any other cause, that we call ' The Pastime of 

 Pleasure ' a poem. It seems to belong to that period when the epic 

 element (the poetry of action) had been worn out, but having long 

 held undisputed sway in the romances, as action itself had in real 

 life, compelled those who lived in a more thoughtful and therefore 

 lyrical age to clothe their reflective poetry in an epic dress. 



Another poem, ' The Temple of Glas,' is ascribed to Hawes, but 

 there are almost equally strong reasons for believing it to be Lydgate's, 

 as Hawes himself tells us that Lydgate composed a work under that 

 name, and there is something about the run of the verses which 

 reminds us rather of Lydgate than of Hawes. 



H AWKESWORTH, JOHN, LL.D., was a successful writer of the last 

 century. The date of his birth (1715 or 1719) and the occupations of 

 his early life are variously stated : in so short a notice, all that is 

 essential to record is, that he was bred to some mechanical occupation, 

 and therefore deserves the more credit for his talent and industry in 

 supplying the defects of a rude and illiterate education. His first 

 appearance was as a contributor to the ' Gentleman's Magazine,' in 

 which he succeeded Dr. Johnson as compiler of the parliamentary 

 debates in 1744. In 1752, encouraged by the success of the ' Rambler,' 

 he undertook, assisted by Johnson, Warton, and one or two others, a 

 series of essays, called the ' Adventurer." They extended to the 

 number of 140 (70 of which are ascribed to Hawkesworth himself), 

 were received with great approbation, and contributed much to the 

 increase of his reputation and friends. Herring, archbishop of Canter- 

 bury, was so much pleased with tho work, that he procured a degree 

 in civil law for the conductor. In 1761 he published an edition of 

 Swift, with a life prefixed, to the merits of which Dr. Johnson has 

 borne handsome testimony in his ' Lives of the Poets.' On the return 

 of Capt. Cook from his first voyage of discovery in the South Seas, it 

 being thought desirable to entrust the task of compiling an account 

 of the voyage to a literary man rather thau to one of the travellers, 

 Dr. Hawkeaworth's reputation as an able writer obtained for him the 

 commission. He completed the task in three vols. 4 to.. 1773 [CooK], 

 illustrated with maps and plates at the expense of government, 

 including the prior voyages of discovery of Byron, and of Wallis and 

 Carteret, and received for recompence the liberal sum of 6000?. The 

 work however did not give satisfaction : the warmth of his descriptions 

 of manners, in some respects, was thought to verge upon immorality ; 

 and exceptions were taken to some religious speculations, which were 

 at any rate very much out of place. The chagrin occasioned by 

 these censures is said to have shortened the author's life, but as he 

 died in November of the same year, the statement is probably 

 incorrect ; the effect of criticism on a practised author is seldom so 

 rapid and deadly. The accounts of Cook's subsequent voyages were 

 written by Cook himself, and gained more in simplicity and correct- 

 ness than they lost in literary elegance. Dr. Hawkesworth translated 

 ' Telemachus,' aud wrote ' Almoran and Hamet," an eastern romance, 

 which was much admired. He was a regular contributor to the 

 ' Gentleman's Magazine.' He was a great imitator of the style of 

 Johnson, but he wanted depth and range of thought to support his 

 weighty words. 



HAWKINS, SIR JOHN, a distinguished seaman of the reign of 

 Elizabeth, was born at Plymouth, about 1520. His youth was spent 

 in trading to Spain, Portugal, and the Canaries ; and the information 

 and experience which he thus obtained made him well aware of the 

 gain to be derived from supplying the Spanish colonies with slaves 

 from Guinea. With the assistance of some merchants, he fitted out 

 a small squadron in 1562, and obtained, partly by purchase, partly by 

 force, a cargo of 300 negroes, whom he carried to Hispaniola, and 

 there sold. This, we believe, was the first adventure of Englishmen 

 in that inhuman traffic. He made a second voyage in 1564, aud a 

 third in 1567 : the latter turned out unfortunately. All trade between 

 the Spanish settlements and foreigners being prohibited by the 

 mother-country, though often, from interested motives, conuived at 

 by those in power, he was at last attacked by the Spanish authorities 

 in the port of S. Juan de Ulloa, and saved but two ships of his squa- 

 dron, with which, after suffering great hardships, he returned to Eng- 

 land in January 1568. This seems to have been his last commercial 

 enterprise. The queen's approbation of his services, and sanction of 

 that abomination, which, after the lapse of more than two centuries, 

 the tardy voice of Europe has branded as piracy, was conveyed in the 

 expressive grant to wear at his crest " a demy-moor in his proper 

 colour, uound with a cord." In 1573 Hawkins was appointed treasurer 

 of the navy. In 1588 he served as rear-admiral against the Spanish 

 armada [see notice of the Armada under ELIZABETH] ; and his bravery 

 on this occasion was rewarded by Elizabeth with the honour of knight- 



