333 



HEEREN, ARNOLD HERMANN LUDWIQ. 



HEGEL, GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK. 



334 



a monogram an H and E joined, and he used also sometimes the 

 following moral anagram of his own name, ' Schade leer u' (injuries 

 teach you). De Heere was the master of Van Mander. 



(Van Mander, Het Leven der Schilders, die.; Walpole, Anecdotes of 

 Painting, <tc.) 



HEEREN, ARNOLD HERMANN LUDWIG, was bora at Arber- 

 gen, a village near Bremen, on the 25th of October 1760. His father, 

 who was pastor at Arbergen, and a man of extensive knowledge, gave 

 him his first instruction io religion, Latin, and mathematics. His 

 further education, until his sixteenth year, was intrusted to private 

 tutors; but in 1776 his father was appointed preacher at the cathe- 

 dral of Bremen, and young Heereu entered the domschule or gym- 

 nasium of Bremen to prepare himself for the university. He states 

 that the exercises in Latin disputations at school, and the intercourse 

 with the wealthy merchants of Bremen, exercised a great influence 

 upon the development of his mind and upon the manner in which he 

 afterwards viewed and described the phenomena of history and of 

 human life. In the autumn of 1779 he went to the university of 

 Gottingen with the intention of devoting himself to the study of 

 theology, but the influence of Heyne, one of whose lectures he 

 attended, wrought a complete change, and Heeren was soon engaged 

 exclusively in philological pursuits. However he soon felt that 

 philology, iu the narrower sense of the term, was not his vocation, 

 for the things about which he read in the ancients interested him 

 more than the languages themselves. Heyue did all he could to win 

 Heeren for philology, and for a short time he succeeded. In 1784 

 Heeren took his degree of doctor in philosophy, and on that occasion 

 wrote a dissertation ' De Chori Gnecorum tragici natura et iudole, 

 ratione argument! babita.' In the year following he published a new 

 edition of the rhetorician Menander, and formed the plan of a new 

 edition of the 'Eclogae ' of Stobaeus. The preparations that he had 

 to make for this work convinced him that verbal criticism was not 

 congenial to hia mind. He had commenced giving lectures at Got- 

 tingen as privatdocent, but the opposition between his actual pursuits 

 and what he felt to be his vocation became more and more painfully 

 felt. He resolved to visit Italy, and principally Rome. One of the 

 main objects of this journey was to collate the various manuscripts 

 of Stobaeua, but this did not prevent his paying attention to a variety 

 of other subjects, which had more interest for him. Hia stay in many 

 of the principal towns of Germany, France, and Italy was of great 

 advantage to him ; the future historian became acquainted with the 

 world at large ; he saw with his own eyes some of the countries to 

 whose history a great part of hi* future life was to be devoted, and 

 formed friendships with men of the highest eminence, such as Zoega, 

 Filangieri, and Cardinal Borgia, in the intercourse with whom his 

 mind became expanded and enriched with new ideas. 



On his return to Gijttingen in 17S7, he wag appointed professor 

 extraordinary in the philosophical faculty, and henceforth his life 

 flowed undisturbed by any changes of fortune; being possessed of 

 wealth, he was enabled to continue his philological and historical 

 studies without anxious cares; he enjoyed the favour and friendship 

 of the highest in rank and literature, and in 1796 he married a 

 daughter of Heyne, who remained his devoted and sympathising 

 companion throughout his life. All his energies were divided between 

 his professional ttuilies and duties, and the production of those works 

 which have secured him a place among the beat historians. His 

 lectures had from the first an historical tendency, and if it had not 

 been for the edition of Stobaeus, which he had undertaken, he would 

 have confined himself exclusively to lecture on history. At length in 

 1799 he was appointed ordinary professor of history, as the successor 

 of Gatterer. His reputation as a scholar and historian was already 

 established, for the first two volumes of his Stobaeus had appeared in 

 1792 and 1791 (the third and last was published in 1801); in 1793 

 anil 1796 he had published the first two volumes of his 'Ideeu uber 

 die Politik, den Verkehr und den Handel der vornehmsten Vb'lker der 

 alton Welt' (the third and fourth volumes appeared in 1812 and 

 1815), which is his principal work, and the one on the completion of 

 which he looked as the main object of his life; a fifth edition in 

 5 Tola, appeared in 1824, &c. In 1799 he published the first edition 

 of hia manual of ancient history (' Handbuch der Geschichte der 

 SUaten del Alterthums'). A fifth appeared in 1826. It must be 

 remembered that iu addition to these works, which followed one 

 another in rapid succession, and of which each has its own merits, he 

 had for some years been editing, conjointly with his friend Tychsen, 

 a journal on ancient literature and art (' Bibliothek der alten Literattir 

 und Kunst'), and had written a great variety of essays for other 

 periodicals, and for the ' Transactions of the Koyal Society of Gottingon.' 

 In addition to all this, he began about the year 1800 to study the 

 history of the middle ages and of modern time?, and also lectured 

 upon these subjects with as much applause aa he had before obtained 

 by his lectures on ancient history. It is further worth mentioning 

 tli.-it. Heereu's activity as an author was always in the closest connec- 

 tion with that of a lecturer, and before he wrote a work on any 

 subject he had at least once or twice lectured on it in the university. 

 Hence he always appears a master of his subject, and was enabled to 

 give to his productions that finish and perfection which make them 

 popular in the best sense of the term, and which is certainly a rare 

 characteristic of German writers. An important work relating to the 



history of modern times, and which is thought by some to be the 

 best of his productions, bears the title ' Handbuch der Geschichte des 

 Europseischen Staatensystems uod seiner Kolonien,' Gottingen, 1809 ; 

 a fourth edition appeared in 1822. A work on the influence of the 

 Crusades (' Sur 1'Influence des Croisader?,' Paris, 1808) was crowned by 

 the Academy of Inscriptions. A collection of his minor historical 

 works, in 3 vols. (' Kleine historische Schriften'), appeared from 1803 

 to 1808, and another embraciag all his historical works, in 15 vols., 

 from 1821 to 1826. Most of his works have been translated into 

 English and Dutch; and some of them are still regarded as standard 

 works of their kind. On the death of Eichhorn, in 1827, he under- 

 took the editorship of the ' Gottingisohe Gelehrten Anzeigen," which, 

 together with his professional duties, took up so much of his time 

 that he was unable to complete his great work on the politics and 

 commerce of the states of antiquity, although considerable prepara- 

 tions had already been made for it. 



Heeren's merits were universally acknowledged. The academies of 

 St. Petersburg, Berlin, Munich, Stockholm, Dublin, and Copenhagen 

 showed him their respect by electing him a member. He was also a 

 member of the Asiatic societies of London and Calcutta. In 1827 or 

 1823 Heeren, in conjunction with Ukert, formed the plan of editing a 

 series of works, containing the histories of the states of Europe. The 

 best historians of Germany were induced to writs histories for the 

 series, which however was lefc incomplete at Heeren's death. Among 

 the works included in this series are some of the highest eminence, 

 such as Lappenberg's ' History of England,' and Geijer's ' History of 

 Sweden.' Heereu died at Gottingen, on the 6th of March 1842. 



The great merits of Heereu's works, especially of those relating to 

 antiquity, are these : they are usually the result of a diligent study 

 of the ancient writers themselves, and represent the nations in their 

 political and commercial relations in a very lively manner. His works 

 are written in a clear style, so as to be intelligible to any person of 

 moderate education, and the influence which they have exercised is, 

 for this very reason, very considerable. His works are not indeed 

 without their defects, and many of them no longer satisfy the demands 

 of our age ; but it must not be forgotten that Heeren was the first 

 historian, at least in Germany, who breathed life into the history of 

 antiquity, saw in it something more than a mere succession of battles 

 and defeats, and made his readers familiar with the more peaceful 

 pursuits of the ancients and their principles of government. In his 

 private life he is said to have been a man of the most gentle and 

 benevolent disposition. 



HEGEL, GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK, was born at Stutt- 

 gardt on the 27th of August 1770, and was educated at the gymnasium 

 of his native city. At the age of eighteen he proceeded to Tubingen 

 to join the classes of theology and philosophy, where he had for his 

 class-fellow the illustrious Schelling. Dissatisfied with the prevailing 

 system of metaphysics, Hegel sought to supply its deficiencies by the 

 works of Plato, Spinosa, and Kant; and in the conviction that a 

 truly philosophical comprehension can only be educed by an enlarged 

 and diversified inquiry, he combined with a knowledge of philosophy 

 a profound acquaintance with the natural and political scieuces. 

 Upon being admitted to the degree of doctor in philosophy, he accepted 

 an engagement as private tutor, in which capacity he lived for some 

 years first in Switzerland, and afterwards at Frankfurt-ou-tlie-Main, 

 uutil, on the death of his father in 1800, he was enabled by the 

 inheritance of a small patrimony to devote himself without restraint 

 to the study of philosophy. He accordingly proceeded to Jena, where 

 Schelling was teaching his system of ' Absolute Identity,' and of 

 which Hegel was at this period one of the warmest partisans. Here 

 he composed as an academical exercise the essay ' De Orbitis Planeta- 

 rum ' (Jense, 1801), and shortly afterwards his first philosophical 

 work, entitled ' On the Difference of the Systems of Fichte and 

 Schelliug;' which treatise, notwithstanding the sincerity with which 

 Hegel then advocated the views of the latter, contained the germ of 

 that dissent which was afterwards expanded into a peculiar theory. 

 He was also associated with Schelling in conducting the ' Critical 

 Journal of Science;' and among the most important of the articles 

 contributed by him is that ' On Faith and Science,' which contains a 

 luminous review of the doctrines of Kant, Jacobi, and Fichte, whose 

 several systems are represented as nothing more than so many forms 

 of a purely subjective philosophy. 



In 1806, when Schelling went to Wiirzburg, Hegel was appointed 

 to supply his place as lecturer. The duty of communicating his views 

 to others necessarily imparted to them distinctness and precision; 

 and now for the first time Hegel openly avowed his dissatisfaction 

 with the system of Schelling. The difference between the ideas of 

 the master and disciple was marked still more strongly in the ' Pheno- 

 menology of Mind,' which was published at Bamberg, whither Hegel 

 had retired after the battle of Jena. This work he used to call his 

 ' Voyage of Discovery,' as indicating the researches he had passed 

 through in order to arrive at a clear knowledge of the truth. It 

 contains an accouut of the several grades of development through 

 which the ' self,' or ' ego,' proceeds : first of all from consciousness 

 into self-consciousness ; next into reflecting and active reason, from 

 which it becomes philosophical reason, self-cognisant and self-ana- 

 lysing, until at last, rising to the notion of God, it manifests itself in 

 a religious form. The title ' Phenomenology ' points out the limits 



