HENRY V. (OF GERMANY). 



HENRY, MATTHEW. 



In Germany in the meanwhile a new emperor, Hermann of Luxem- 

 bourg, had been elected by the disaffected princes, Robert Quiacard, 

 with a large force, bad relieved Gregory from the state of siege ; and 

 Henry returned to Germany, where he succeeded in conquering his 

 rival, and forcing the Saxons to iue for peaoe. In 1090, for the third 

 time, be entered lUly, and after some successes WM recalled by the 

 rebellion of hi* eldest eon, Conrad, who bad been elected king of tho 

 B~""t Thia insurrection waa suppressed, though supported by pope 

 Urban II., and in 1697, at a diet held in Aix-la-Chapelle, Henry, the 

 aeoond aon, waa elected king of the Romans initead of Conrad, who 

 died iu 1101. The aeoond aon however was worse than the first 

 Gained over by the legatee of the pope he declared war against his 

 father, and when the emperor wrote in hopea of recalling him to bii 

 obedience, he appointed a meeting at Main*, where he implored 

 pardon, succeeded in withdrawing the emperor outside the town, 

 then aeiied him as a prisoner, and confined him in the cattle of 

 Burghenheim. Henry after a time escaped, and retired to Liege, 

 where he died on August 7, 1106. In this reign the first crusade 

 was commenced. 



HKMtY V., who was born in 1081, succeeded his father. He had 

 hitherto shown himself a warm adherent of the papacy ; but his 

 deference decreased when he found himself firmly seated on the 

 throne. He annulled the decisions of the councils of Quanta! la and 

 Ch.Uous respecting investitures, maintaining hii own right to present 

 to benefices. Ha made war against Poland and Bohemia without 

 much success. In 1111 he married Matilda, the daughter of Henry I. 

 of England. The remainder of his reign was occupied with contests 

 against the princes of Germany and with the popes ; he forced Pascal II. 

 to fly from Home, and on bis death made Gregory VIII. pope ; but 

 the cardinals elected Gelasiua II., with whom Henry at length con- 

 cluded a peace, renouncing his right of investiture. He died on the 

 22nd of May 1125, the last emperor of the Frauconiau line, and was 

 succeeded by Lotharius of Saxony. 



HENRY VI., the aon of Frederic Barbaroasa, was the third emperor 

 of the llohenstaufen race. He was born in 1165, was elected King of 

 the Romans in 1169, and succeeded bis father in 1190. Soon after his 

 accession he conducted an army into Italy to support bis claims on 

 the crown of Sicily, which he claimed in right of his wife Constance, 

 and which bad been assumed by Tancred, the illegitimate brother of 

 Constance. He besieged Naples, but failed in taking it, and returned 

 to Germany : here he obtained possession of Richard I. of England, 

 whom, after a long and harsh imprisonment, he restored to liberty on 

 the payment of a large ransom. This money enabled him to make a 

 frtsh expedition to Italy. Tancred waa dead ; Naples surrendered, 

 Sicily submitted, and he was crowned at Palermo in October 11U4. 

 Soon afterwards he took the cross, advocated a crusade, and assembled 

 an army, with which he set out ostensibly for the Holy Laud, but 

 employed it instead in endeavouring to subdue Sicily, where his 

 cruelties and oppression had created an insurrection. This war he 

 conducted with such barbarity as to revolt his own partisans, and he 

 died at Moasena on the 28th of September 1197, strongly suspected of 

 having been poisoned. He was succeeded by Philip of Suabio. 



HENRY II., King of Castile (Henry I. died a boy in 1217), was 

 the natural son of Alfonso XI., aud was born in January 1333. His 

 brother, Don Pedro, on succeeding to the throne, showed him con- 

 siderable kindness ; he called him and his mother to court, aud made 

 him count of Trastamare. The count however bore a secret hatred 

 against his brother, and sought by all means to create discontent 

 against him, which the severity aud cruelty of Pedro rendered com- 

 paratively easy. A pretext for revolt was made from the deaths of 

 the queen and of the mother of Henry, Pedro being accused as the 

 cause of both. This insurrection was suppressed, and Henry fled to 

 Portugal ; he then joined the King of Arogon in an attack on Castile, 

 wss again beaten, and fled to Franco. Here he raised a considerable 

 body of troops, with Bertrand du Guesclin as commander. Under 

 this leader he had some successes, and was crowned at Burgos ; but 

 Edward the Black Prince coming to the aasUtance of Don Pedro, 

 totally defeated Henry at the battle of Najera, aud took Du Guescliu 

 prisoner. Henry again fled to France ; but the cruelties of Pedro 

 excited freoh discontents, of which Henry took advantage : he 

 obtained a declaration of his legitimacy from Pope Urban V., 

 money from Charles V. of France, with which he ransomed Du 

 Guesclin, raised fresh troops, and again invaded Castile. Pedro, 

 unsupported by the English prince, was now beaten, and fled to 

 Muntiol, where in an interview Henry slew him with his own hand. 



Henry was now (1859) seated on the throne. He liberally rewarded 

 Du Guesclin and his other adherents, and then devoted himself to the 

 well-governing of bin people ; he defended himself successfully against 

 Uie kiugs of Portugal, Aragou, and Navarre. He died on the 2ytu of 

 May 137H, aud was succeeded by his son, John I. 



lll'NKV 111., lung of Castile, was born at Burgos in 1379, and 

 succeeded bis father John 1. iu October 1390. The struggles of the 

 various pretenders to the regency occasioned many disorders, but at 

 the age of thirteen Henry put an end to them by assuming the govern- 

 ment himself; he possessed a strong intellect and an energetic 

 character. He speedily suppressed all internal commotions, vanquish- 

 ing those that appeared in arms, and then whining them by his 

 clemency. He laid aside tho pomp of courts, living with the utmost 



economy in order to restore the shattered finances of his country 

 and to avoid burdening his subjects. Early in his reign lie nought to 

 reconcile the disputes between the rival popes B-nediot XIII. sad 

 Boniface III.; but though he vainly persuaded Benedict to resign, 

 Boniface was so irritated at his disposal of the church patronage 

 during the dispute that he excommunicated him. This however had 

 no effect on Henry's subjects; and at hut, to terminate the schism, iu 

 conjunction with other sovereigns, Henry acknowledged Benedict iu 

 1 4 03. He endeavoured to live in peace with his neighbours ; bitt when 

 engaged in war witb Portugal and with Granada he showed no w.it 

 of spirit, and was successful in war, though hii feeble and delicate 

 frame prevented him being eminent as a warrior. He also undertook 

 to repress the incursions of the African piratical states, and took and 

 destroyed Tetuan. In 1401, Castile, in common with other parts of 

 Spain, was desolated by the plague, and he endeavoured to ui 

 its evils. He died during the war with Granada, on the _.",th of 

 December 1406, from exhaustion, aud was succeeded by his son, 

 John II., by Catherine of Lancaster, to whom Henry had been married 

 in hU father's life-time. 



HENRY IV., King of Castile, was the son of John II., and was 

 born in 1425. His youth waa distinguished by dissipation and profli- 

 gacy, but on his father's death, in 1454, few princes had ascended the 

 throne with fairer prospects. HU father had made himself respected 

 by all his neighbours, and bad left bim the realm in profound peaoe ; 

 but he suffered himself to be governed by favourites, who made a 

 rapacious use of his authority, provoked discontent among the people, 

 and one of them, Beltran de la Cuevas, was accused of dishonouring 

 his bed; the Cortes refusing to acknowledge the infanta as heiress 

 to the crown in consequence of their belief of her illegitimacy. The 

 Cortes next proceeded, in 1405, to depose him, and proclaimed his 

 brother Alfonso king. Henry however was not deficient iu courage 

 or talent : he assembled au army, and a civil war commenced, which 

 lasted till 1468, when the sudden death of Alfonso brought it to a 

 close ; for Isabella, tho sister, then only seventeen years of age, whom 

 Alfonso's party sought to set up in bis place, absolutely refused to rob 

 her brother Henry of bis rightful crown. Henry, iu return for this 

 refusal, consented to the divorce of his queen for infidelity, the disin- 

 heriting of his daughter Joanna, and the nomination of Isabella as 

 heiress of Castile. Tranquillity thus restored, Henry wished to marry 

 Isabella to a brother of tho King of France ; but Isabella chose for 

 herself Ferdinand, the aon of the King of Aragon, to whom she was 

 married in 1469. Henry at first threatened to disinherit her, aud to 

 declare his daughter again his heir, but was ultimately re 

 Isabella and Ferdinand. In 1455 Henry had solicited Pope l.'alixtu- 111. 

 to proclaim a crusade against the Moors of Granada. The war had 

 been prosecuted with few events of importance on either side ; but iu 

 1474 ho had assembled a large army at Segovia iu order to prosecute 

 it with more vigour, when he was taken suddenly ill, and died on the 

 20th of December 1474. 



HENRY OF HUNTINGDON, an ancient English historian, the 

 son of Nicholas, a married priest, was born about the end of the lltli 

 century ; and, according to Worton (' Hist Eugl. Poet,' diss. ii. p. 125), 

 was educated under Alcuine of Anjou, a canon of Lincoln cathrdr:d. 

 Aldwiu and Reginald, both Normans and abbots of Ramsey, were his 

 patrons. He was made archdeacon of Huntingdon (whence he took 

 his name), by Robert Bloet, bishop of Lincoln, some time before 1123. 

 In his youth he discovered a taste for poetry, but in more ad , 

 years applied himself to the study of history ; and at the request of 

 another friend and patron, Alexander, bishop of Lincoln, composed a 

 general history of England, from the earliest accounts to the death of 

 Stephen (1154), iu eight books, published by Sir Henry Savile 

 the ' Scriptorea post Bedam,' folio, London, 159G, aud Fraueof., 1601. 

 The early part of this history was a compilation from older writers ; 

 the sequel, from what he had heard aud seen. \Yartou, iu his ' An- 

 glia Sacra,' vol. ii. p. 694, has published a letter of Henry of Hun- 

 tingdon to his friend Walter, who was also abbot of Ramsey, 'De 

 Muudi Contemptu,' which contains many curious anecdotes of the 

 kings, nobles, prelates, and other great men who were his contem- 

 poraries. Wortou (' HUt Engl. Poet,' ut supr.) says, iu tho liodloiau 

 Library there is a manuscript Latin poem by Henry of Huntingdon 

 on the death of lung Stepheu and the arrival of Henry II. iu Kuglaud, 

 which is by no means contemptible. The exact time of his death is 

 not known. 



HENRY, MATTHEW, an eminent Nonconformist divine, was born 

 at Broad Oak, a farm-house in tbo township of Iscoyd iu Flintshire, 

 October 18, 1662. HU father, Philip Henry, who was highly en' 

 for hU talents aud piety, was one of the 2000 clergymen who left the 

 church of England iu lti'j'2, iu consequence of their refusal to comply 

 with the regulations of the 'Act of Uniformity.' Matthew Henry 

 received the principal part of hU education under Mr. Doolittle of 

 London. In 1685 he commenced tho study of the law in Cray's Inn, 

 but he noon relinquished this profession; aud after being ordained in 

 1087, settled at Chester iu the same year as minister of a Dissenting 

 congregation. In 1712 he left Chester, and became tho minister of 

 another congregation at Hackney. He died on the 22nd of June 1714, 

 of apoplexy, while he was travelling from Chester to London. 



The work by which Matthew Henry is principally known is hU 

 ' Exposition of the Old and New Testament,' which originally appeared 



