369 



HERBELOT, BARTHELEMI D'. 



HERBERT, LORD. 



890 



them ia logic, which considers the nature and clearness of notions and 

 their combinations. But the contemplation of the world and of our- 

 selves brings before us notions which cause a discord in our thoughts. 

 This circumstance renders it necessary for us to modify or change 

 those notions according to the particular nature of each. By the pro- 

 cess of modification or change something new is added, which Herbart 

 calls the supplement or complement (Ergiinzung). Now the second 

 mam department of philosophy is metaphysics, which Herbart defines 

 to be the science of the supplementary notions. The method of dis- 

 covering the supplementary notions which are necessary in order to 

 render given facts which contain contradictory notions, intelligible, 

 ia, according to him, the method of relations, and it is by this method 

 alone that the other notions of the world and of ourselves can be 

 properly defined. Hence arises what he calls practical metaphysics, 

 which ia subdivided into psychology, the philosophy of nature, and 

 natural theology. A third class of notions, lastly, add something to 

 our conceptions, which produces either pleasure or displeasure, and 

 the science of these notions is [esthetics, which, when applied to given 

 things, forms a series of theories of art, which may be termed prac- 

 tical sciences. They arc founded upon certain model notions, such as 

 the ideas of perfection, benevolence, malevolence, justice, compensa- 

 tion, equity, and the like. In his metaphysics Herbart points out 

 three problems containing contradictions, viz. things with several 

 attributes, change, and our own subjectivity (das Ich). In order to 

 solve these contradictions, and to make the external and internal 

 world agree and harmonise so as to become conceivable, ho assumes 

 that the quality of everything existing (dea Seienden) is absolutely 

 simple. Things therefore which exist have no attributes referring to 

 space and time, but they stand in relation to a something, which is 

 tiie essence of things. Wherever this essence consists of a plurality 

 of attributes, there must also be a plurality of things or beings, and 

 these many simple things or beings are the principles of all things in 

 nature, and the latter, consequently, are nothing but aggregates of 

 simple things. They exist by themselves in space so far as it is con- 

 ceived by our intellect, but not in physical space, which contains only 

 bodies. We do not know the real simple essence of things, but we 

 may acquire a certain amount of knowledge concerning internal and 

 external relations. When they accidentally meet in space they dis- 

 turb one another, but at the same time strive to preserve themselves; 

 and in this manner they manifest themselves as powers, although 

 they neither are powers nor have powers. By means of these prin- 

 ciples Herbart endeavours to reform the whole system of psychology 

 which he found established by his predecessors ; for, according to him, 

 the soul too is a simple being, and as such it is and remains unknown 

 to us ; and it ia neither a subject for speculation nor for experimental 

 psychology. It never and nowhere has any plurality of attributes, 

 nor has it any power or faculty of receiving or producing anything; 

 and the various faculties usually mentioned by psychologist*, such as 

 imagination, reason, &c., which sometimes are at war and sometimes 

 in concord with each other, are, according to Herbart, mere fictions 

 of philosophers. In like manner he denies that it possesses certain 

 forms of thought or laws regulating our desires and actions. The 

 soul u a simple being, and in ita accidental association with others, is 

 like the latter subject to disturbance and exerts itself for ita own pre- 

 servation. The latter point is the principal question in Herbart's 

 psychology, and he endeavours to deduce and calculate the whole life 

 of the soul, with the aid of mathematics, from those mutual disturb- 

 ances, checks, and from ita reactions against them. Hence he is 

 obliged to deny man's moral or transcendental freedom, although he 

 allows him a certain free character. He maintains the immortality 

 of the soul, because the simple principles of all things are eternal ; 

 but he denies the possibility of acquiring any knowledge whatever of 

 the deity. 



These theories, which betray a tendency to subtleties and over- 

 refinement, are explained more fully in his works, of which the 

 principal are contained in the following list : 1, ' Pestalozzi's Idee 

 eines A. B. C. der Anschauung, untereucht und wissenschaftlich ent- 

 wickelt,' (jbttingen, 1802, 8vo. 2, 'Allgemeine Paedagogik,' Gbttingen, 

 1806, 8vo. 3, 'Allgemeine Practische 1'hilosophie,' Gbttingen, 180$, 

 8vo. 4, 'Hauptpunkte der Metaphysik,' Obttingen, 1808, 8vo. 

 6, 'Einleitung in die Philosophic," 1813, an improved edition 

 appeared in 1816. 6, ' Kleines Lehrbuch zur Psychologic," Qbttingen, 

 1815, 8vo. 7, 'Ueber meinen Streit mit der Modephilosophie dieser 

 Zeit,' Kbnigsberg, 1814. His great psychological work, however, ia 8, 

 'Pfychologie als Wissenschaft, neu gegrundet auf Erfab rung, Meta- 

 physik, und Mathematik,' Kbnigsberg, 2 vols. 8vo, 1824-25. 9, 'All- 

 gemeine Metaphysik, nebst den Anfangen der Philosophischen 

 Katurlehre,' Konigsbcrg, 1828-29, 2 vols. 8vo. 10, 'Kurze Encyclo- 

 paedic der Philosophic, aus practischen Gesichtspunkten entworfen," 

 Konigsberg, 1831, Svo. His smaller essays appeared in three volumes, 

 Leipzig, 1842-43, 8vo ; the first -volume contains a good Life of 

 Herbart. 



(If ever Kekrolog der Deutchcn ; Brockhaus, Convertatimu-Lexikon.) 

 HERBELOT, BARTHE'LEMI D', was born at Paris, on the 14th 

 of December 1625. He commenced the study of the Oriental 

 languages in early life, and acquired an accurate knowledge of the 

 Arabic, Hebrew, Syriac, Persian, and Turkish languages. During his 

 residence in Italy, whither he went with the hope of obtaining 



instruction from natives of the east, he enjoyed the friendship and 

 patronage of the cardinals Barberini and Grimaldi ; and on his return 

 to France he received a pension from Fouquet of 1500 livres, which 

 he afterwards lost on the disgrace of that minister. He was subse- 

 quently appointed Oriental secretary and interpreter to the king. 

 During a second visit which he made to Italy he was received in the 

 most distinguished manner by Ferdinand II., grand-duke of Tuscany, 

 who presented him with a great number of valuable Oriental manu- 

 scripts, and wished to retain him at his court. But D'Herbelot was 

 prevailed upon by the solicitations of the minister Colbert to return 

 to Paris, where he was appointed professor of Syriac on the death of 

 Auvergne. He also received a pension from the king. He died on the 

 8th of December 1695. 



The work by which D'Herbelot is kuowu to posterity is entitled 

 'Bibliotheque Orientale, ou Dictionnaire Universel, contenant gdnerale- 

 ment tout ce qui regarde la connoissance des peuples de 1'Orient,' fol., 

 Paris, 1697. This work, which he commenced in Italy, and upon 

 which he employed the labour of many years, was published after his 

 death by Galand. The ' Bibliotheque Orientale ' was founded upou the 

 Arabic dictionary of Haji Khalfa, and has been deservedly considered 

 by scholars as a most extraordinary work for the time in which it 

 appeared. D'Herbelot also drew his materials from numerous other 

 works in Arabic, Persian, and Turkish, which are enumerated by 

 Galand in his preface to the ' Bibliotheque.' On many subjects 

 connected with Oriental history and antiquities the ' Bibliotheque 

 Orieutale ' supplies the only information which is available at the 

 present day to a person unacquainted with the Oriental languages. 

 But its statements must be received with great caution ; for while the 

 learned author appears to have had a most extensive knowledge on all 

 subjects connected with the east, ho certainly did not pay sufficient 

 attention to accuracy. It should however be recollected that he did 

 not live to complete the work, and that his plan embraced too great 

 a number of subjects to allow any one individual to do justice to 

 them all. 



The 'Bibliotheque Orientale' was reprinted at Maestricht, fol., 1776, 

 and also at the Hague, 4 vols. 4to, 1777-99. The latter edition con- 

 tains many valuable additions by Schultens and Reiske, and also a 

 supplement by Visdelou and Galand. An abridgement of the original 

 work was published at Paris, 6 vols. 8vo, 1782, by De'aessarts. A 

 German translation of the ' Bibliotheque Orientale ' was published at 

 Halle, by Schulz, 4 vols. 8vo, 1785-90. 



D'Herbelot also wrote several other works, which have never been 

 published. Amongst these Galaud mentions a Turkish and Persian 

 Dictionary, in 3 vols. folio. 



HERBERT, EDWARD, LORD HERBERT OF CHERBURY, was 

 born in the year 1581, at Montgomery, in the principality of Wales. 

 After going through the usual course of studies at Oxford, where he 

 was a member of University College, Herbert visited London in 1600, 

 and shortly afterwards proceeded to the Continent with the design of 

 seeing foreign parts, but wai induced by au inherent love of enterprise 

 and danger to join the English auxiliaries then serving in the Nether- 

 lands, where he soon distinguished himself by his reckless daring and 

 intrepidity. Having returned to England, he was, upon the accession 

 of James I., created a knight of the Bath, and was distinguished at 

 the court of that pedantic monarch by his gallantry and his learning. 

 In 1618 Sir Edward was sent ambassador to France. In this situation 

 the bold independence with which he answered a haughty remark of 

 the Conne'table De Luynes brought upon him the displeasure of the 

 French monarch, at whose request he was recalled. The conduct of 

 Herbert met however with the approbation of James, who, upon the 

 death of De Luyues, sent him in a similar capacity to Paris, where he 

 published his first work, entitled ' Tractatus de Veritate, prout distin- 

 guitur a Revelatione, a Yerisimili, a Possibili, et a Falso,' 4to, Paris, 

 1624. The year following he returned to England, and was created a 

 barqn of the kingdom of Ireland. From this date Lord Herbert does 

 not appear to have held any public office, and his time was divided 

 between the gaieties of the court and the pursuits of literature. In 

 1631 he was elevated to an English peerage, and two years after 

 published an enlarged edition of the ' Tractatus,' of which another 

 appeared in 1645, accompanied with the treatise ' De Religione Gen- 

 tilium, Errorumque apud eos Caussis.' Upon the outbreak of the 

 political troubles under Charles I., Lord Herbert at first took the side 

 of the parliament, which however he subsequently abandoned. He 

 died in the year 1648. After his death two posthumous works were 

 published, the ' Expeditio Buckingham! Duels in Ream Insulam,' and 

 the ' Life and Reign of King Henry VIII.,' with a dedication to the 

 first Charles. It is by the latter work that Lord Herbert is best 

 known to posterity. His Memoirs, which are the earliest instance of 

 autobiography in our language, remained in manuscript until they 

 were printed, in 1764, by Horace Walpole, at his private press at 

 Strawberry Hill. 



Herbert of Cherbury was the contemporary of Hobbes of Malmes- 

 bury, to whose principles of philosophising he was directly opposed, 

 notwithstanding the striking coincidence of many of the results at 

 which they respectively arrived. He maintained the theory of innate 

 ideas, and made a certain instinct of the reason (rationalis instinctus) 

 to be the primary source of all human knowledge. Accordingly he 

 did not, with Aristotle and the Stoics, compare the mind to a pure 



