397 



HERMOGENES. 



HEROD. 



393 



at Bonn and other German universities, where the chairs were filled 

 by the disciples of Hermes. The denunciation against Hermes was 

 taken up very eagerly at Rome by Perronne, who made his report to 

 the pope. The objectionable point in Hermes's work was his principle, 

 that reason or philosophy must in the first place prove the reality of 

 a divine revelation, and in the second, the truth of the Roman Catholic 

 system. These points being ascertained, Hermes demanded absolute 

 submission to revelation. He does not attempt philosophically to 

 prove the truth of every particular dogma, but only to show that the 

 Church has a right to establish her dogmas, and to demand submission 

 to them. Hermes thus did not attack a single dogma of the Church, 

 and his orthodoxy can scarcely be disputed ; but if we consider that 

 the whole^ method of Hermes claimed for every theologian the right 

 of exercising his private judgment, it will not be surprising to find 

 that, on the 26th of September 1835, the pope issued a brief against 

 the work of Hermes. The severity with which Archbishop Droste- 

 Viachering carried the brief into execution produced a rupture between 

 the courts of Berlin and Rome. The disciples of Hermes made all 

 possible efforts to defend their master, and two of them, professors 

 Braun and Elvenich, went to Rome to point out to his holiness that 

 Perronne had misrepresented the views of Hermes. But their exer- 

 tions were of no avail. The number of pamphlets which were written 

 for and against Hermes was prodigious, and the controversy probably 

 contributed not a little towards the subsequent religious movements 

 among the Roman Catholics of Germany. The best exposition of the 

 whole controversy may be found in Elvenich' s ' Der Hermesianiamus 

 undsein Rb'mischer Gegner Perronne,' Breslau, 1844, 8vo. 



HERMO'GENES, surnamed Xyster, one of the first rhetoricians of 

 antiquity, was a native of Tarsus, and lived under Marcus Aurelius. 

 At the age of fifteen, it is said, he was professor of Greek eloquence 

 at Rome, where his lectures were attended by that emperor. At the 

 age of eighteen he wrote his work on the oratorical art, consisting of 

 four sections : 1. De Partitione Statuum et Quacstionum Oratoriarum. 

 2. De Inventione. 3. De Formis Oratoriis. 4. De Eloquentia Metho- 

 dus. His illustrations and quotations are chiefly taken from the 

 'Orations' of Demosthenes. The work of Hermogenea was held in 

 high esteem, and became a standard book in all Greek schools. It 

 has been repeatedly printed in the Greek text, and Gaspard Laurent 

 published it with a Latin translation and commentaries, Svo, Geneva, 

 1614. Hermogenes had joined to his work a book of ' Progymnasmata," 

 or specimen* of oratorical exercises, which Priscianus translated into 

 Latin, the Greek text of which has remained inedited till the end of 

 the but century, when it was first published by A. H. L. Heeren, and 

 has since been republished by Veeaenmeyer, Svo, Nurnberg, 1812, and 

 by others. At the age of twenty-five Hermogenes is reported to have 

 entirely lost his memory, and to have lived to an advanced age in a 

 state bordering on idiotcy. (Philostratus, Livei of the Sophists; 

 Suidas; Fabricius, BMiotkeca Grceca; Schoell, History of Greek 

 Literature.) 



HEKMO'QENES, a heretic of tie early church, against whom 

 Tertullian has written a treatise, was most probably a native of Africa, 

 and flourished, according to Basnage and Le Clerc, A.D. 168. The 

 chief information we possess respecting him is contained in Tertullian 

 and Theodoret. It appears from Tertullian that Hermogenes, though 

 professedly a Christian, had throughout his life evinced a strong 

 tendency to the doctrines of the heathen philosophers, and especially 

 to those of the Stoics. He is accused of having taught that God 

 made the world out of matter that was coeternal with him. The 

 chief design of Tertullian's treatise is to confute that notion. The 

 following, in a few words, appears to have been the system of this 

 heretic : he asserted the eternity of matter, and that God created the 

 universe out of it. This matter bad a confused and turbulent motion, 

 and to it he ascribed all the evils which exist in the creation. It was 

 out of this confused matter that God brought order and perfection. 

 He however believed in a future judgment, and, probably, most of 

 the other great doctrines of religion, as he is not charged by either 

 Tertullian or Theodoret with any other heresy than that to which we 

 have alluded. We have no account of any of his writings, though it 

 may be inferred from the arguments of his opponents that he was an 

 author. We are ignorant of the year of his death. (For a fuller detail 

 of his opinions see Lardner, Ilitt. of Heretics, ch. xviii. ; TUlemout, 

 ll'ut. Ecd. ; and Cave.) 



HKKO, or HERON. There are two of this name, both writers on 

 mechanical subjects. Hero the elder was the pupil of Ctesibius, and 

 lived at Alexandria about B.C. 100. The country of the younger Hero 

 i s uncertain ; in a work attributed to him (on 'Geodesy') he states 

 that the precession of the equinoxes had produced seven degrees o: 

 effect since the time of Ptoleinaeua, so that he must have been aboul 

 500 yean later than Ptolemceus : he is generally placed under the reign 

 of Heraclius, A.D. 610-641. 



Hero the elder must have enjoyed great reputation, since he is 

 mentioned, by Gregory Nazianzen, with Euclid and Ptolemsous : but he 

 is now principally known by some fragments of his writings 01 

 mechanic*, which are to be found in the ' Mathematici Veteres, 

 Paris, 1693 ; by the common pneumatic experiment known as " Hero'i 

 fountain," in which a jet of water i* supported by condensed air ; an< 

 by his mention of a machine, the motive-power of which is steam 

 HU extant writings are ; 1. ' On the machine called the ChirobalUstra, 



hich is in the ' Math. Vet.' already cited. 2. ' Barulcus,' a treatise 



n the raising of heavy weights, which is mentioned by Pappus, and 



which was found by Gplius in Arabic, but has not yet been printed. 



. ' Belopraica," a treatise on the manufacture of darts, published by 



ialdi, with an account of Hero, at Augsburg, in 1616, and also in the 



Math. Vet." 4. 'Pneumatics,' which contains the recently noticed 



lescription of a simple steam-engine, published by Commandine, 



Jrbino, 1575, and Amsterdam, 1680; and also in the ' Math. Vet.' 



with the additions of Aleotti, who had previously published an Italian 



version, Bologna, 15i2, and Ferrara, 1589. 5. ' On the Construction 



>f Automata,' which is in the ' Math. Vet.,' and was translated into 



Italian by Bernardino Baldi, with an account of the rise and progress 



of mechanics, Venice, 1589, 1601, 1661. 6. 'On Dioptrics,' a work 



said by Lambecius to exist in manuscript in the Vienna library. 



Hher works of Hero, now lost, are mentioned by Pappus, Eutocius, 



leliodorus of Larissa, &c., for which see Heilbronner, who is the 



authority for the preceding summary : (see also J. A. Schmidt, 



Heronis Alexandrini Vita Scripta et quaedam inventa,' Helmstad. 



1714, 4to.). 



The writings of Hero the younger are : 1. a book ' On Machines of 

 War," edited in Latin by Barocius, Venice, 1572 ; together with, 2. a 

 sook of ' Geodesy,' a term then meaning practical geometry. 3. ' On 

 ;he Attack and Defence of Towns,' printed in the ' Math. Vet.' 4. A 

 jook ' On Military Tactics,' said by Lambecius to exist in manuscript 

 in the library at Vienna. 5. ' On the Terms of Geometry ;' printed 

 at Strasbourg, 1571 ; and also edited by C. F. F. Hasenbalg, Stralsund, 

 1826, 4to, with notes. 6. ' Geometrical Extracts,' printed by the 

 Benedictines in the first volume of the ' Analecta Grajca,' Paris, 1688, 

 'rom a copious manuscript in the Royal Library at Paris. 7. A 

 jeometricai Manuscript, stated by Lambecius to be in the library at 

 Vienna. 



There was another Heron, the teacher of Proclus. 



HEROD (HERO'DES), the name of several Jewish princes. 



I. HEROD THE GREAT was the second son of Antipater, by whom he 

 was appointed governor of Galilee at the age of twenty-five. In B.C. 43 

 10 obtained from Sextus Caesar the government of all Ccele-Syria. 

 From this time he became, with his brother Phasael, the chief sup- 

 porter of Hyrcanus II. against the attempts of Antigonus, the son of 

 Aristobulus. By large presents he obtained the friendship of Antony, 

 who appointed him and Phasael tetrarchs of Judaea. In B.C. 40 the 

 Parthians invaded Judaea, and set Antigouus on the throne, making 

 Hyrcanus and Phasael prisoners. Herod escaped to Rome, where, by 

 the influence of Antony, he was appointed king of the Jews ; but the 

 Roman generals in Syria assisted him so feebly that it was not till the 

 end of the year B.C. 38 that Jerusalem was taken by Sossius. The 

 commencement of Herod's reign dates from the following year. In 

 the year B.C. 38 he had married Mariamne, the grand-daughter of 

 Hyrcanus, hoping to strengthen his power by this match with the 

 Asmonx.in family, which was very popular in Judaea. On ascending 

 the throne Herod appointed Ananel of Babylon high-priest, to the 

 exclusion of Aristobulus, the brother of Mariamne. But he soon 

 found himself compelled, by the entreaties of Mariamne and the arti- 

 fices of her mother Alexandra, to depose Ananel, and appoint Aristobu- 

 lus in his place. Not long after Aristobulus was secretly put to death 

 by the command of Herod. Alexandra having informed Cleopatra of 

 the murder, Herod was summoned to answer the accusation before 

 Antony, whom he pacified by liberal bribes. When setting out to 

 meet Antony, he had commanded his brother Joseph to put Mariamne 

 to death in case he should be condemned, that she might not fall into 

 Antony's power. Finding on his return that Joseph had revealed 

 this order to Mariamne, Herod put him to death. In the civil war 

 between Octavianus (afterwards the Emperor Augustus) and Antony, 

 Herod joined the latter, and undertook, at his command, a cam- 

 paign against the Arabs, whom he defeated. After the battle of 

 Actium he went to meet Octavianus at Rhodes ; having first put to 

 death Hyrcanus, who had been released by the Parthiaus, and had 

 placed himself under Herod's protection some years before. He also 

 imprisoned Mariamne and Alexandra, commanding their keepers to 

 kill them upon receiving intelligence of his death. Octavianus 

 received him kindly, and reinstated him in his kingdom. On his 

 return Mariamne reproached him with his intentions towards her, 

 which she had again discovered. This led to an estrangement between 

 Herod and his wife, which was artfully increased by his sister Salome, 

 till on one occasion, enraged at a new affront he had received from 

 Mariamne, Herod assembled some of his friends and accused her of 

 adultery. She was condemned and executed. After her death Herod 

 Buffered the deepest remorse, and shut himself up in Samaria, where 

 he was seized with a sickness which nearly proved fatal. In the year 

 B.C. 26 he put to death the sons of Babas, the last princes of the 

 Asmonaean family. He now openly disregarded the Jewish law, and 

 introduced Roman customs, a conduct which increased the hatred of 

 the people towards him. Ten men conspired against his life, but 

 were detected, and executed with the greatest cruelty. To secure 

 himself against rebellion he fortified Samaria, which he named 

 Sebaste, and built Caeearea, and other cities and fortresses. In the 

 year B.C. 17 he began to rebuild the temple at Jerusalem. The work 

 waa completed in eight years, but the decorations were not finished 

 for many years after. (John ii. 20.) Herod's power and territories 



