413 



HESYCHIUS. 



HEYWOOD, JOHN. 



ill 



said to be only an epitome of the original, but of this assertion no 

 proof can be made. It has the appearance of rough notes put down 

 in the course of reading, rather than of a finished work, and consists 

 chiefly of short explanations of unusual Greek words, or forms of 

 words, and technical terms. It was not known until the 16th century. 

 But one manuscript, in the library of St. Mark at Venice, is said to be 

 preserved, and that is full of abbreviations, and has many erasures; 

 which accounts for the great corruption of the text, in spite of the 

 labours of many able editors. The first edition was that of Aldus, 

 1513, folio; the most complete that of Alberti, 1746, 2 vols. folio, of 

 which the second volume was published by Rubnken in 1766. This 

 edition has a copious body of Prolegomena, containing all that can 

 be said concerning this author. 



HESYCHIUS, named the Illustrious, of Miletus, lived in the 6th 

 century, and wrote a universal history in six parts, from Belus down 

 to his own age. Some extracts of it have been preserved ; which, 

 with an abridgment of the ' Lives of the Philosophers,' chiefly from 

 Diogenes Laertius, are edited in one volume by Heursius, 1613; he 

 also wrote the reign of Justinus. (Photius, BM., 69.) 



HESYCHIUS was a common name under the Greek empire ; we 

 find many ecclesiastics and martyrs so called. For a list of those con- 

 cerning whom something is known, see Fabricius, ' BibL Gr.,' lib. v. 

 c. 5, and the Prolegomena to Alberti' s edition of the Lexicon. 



HEVE'LIUS, JOANNES, or more properly JOANNES HEVEL, 

 a Polish astronomer of great eminence, was bora at Danzig, of a noble 

 family, January 28, 1611. After visiting the principal countries of 

 Europe (1630-34), he returned to his native city, and was occupied in 

 business or public affairs till 1639, when, by the advice of Cruger, 

 whose pupil he had been, he applied himself almost exclusively to the 

 study of astronomy. In 1641 he built an observatory iu bis own house, 

 and furnished it with a quadrant and sextant of three and four feet 

 diameter, together with large telescopes constructed by himself. His 

 scientific pursuits did not however preclude his being elected consul 

 in 1651, to which distinction his rank in society and philosophic 

 character entitled him, and of which he continued to discharge the 

 duties to the time of hU death. In 1647 ho published a description 

 of the moon, under the name of ' Selenographia ' (Gedani, folio), to 

 which was added a representation of the other planets as seen by the 

 telescope. In 1654 appeared bis treatise ' De Motu Luuse Libratorio' 

 (Gedaiii, folio), in the form of a letter to Riccioli, wherein he gave an 

 explanation of the libration of the moon. (Montucla, 'HUt ties 

 Math dm.,' tome U. p. 638.) To these succeeded an account of the 

 eclipses of 1654 : a treatise, 'De Natura Saturni Faciei ejuque Pha- 

 sibus" (1656); ' Observations on the Transit of Mercury' in 1661, to 

 which he added an account of the transit of Venus in 1639, as observed 

 by Horrox (Gedani, 1661); 'Observations of the Comets of 1664 and 

 1065.' published in 1665 and 1666 ; and in 1668 appeared his ' Cometo- 

 graphia.' In 1672 appeared an epistle to Oldenburg on the comet of 

 that year; and in 1673 the first part of the ' Machina Coelestis* was 

 published. It was this last work which gave rise to public controversy 

 between Hevelius and Dr. Hooke, who published ' Animad. in Mach. 

 Celest. Hevelii,' Lond., 1674, in 4to. Hevelius always imagined that 

 better observations could bo made with plain sights than with tele- 

 scopes. Hooke recommended the use of the latter to Hevelius on the 

 receipt of a copy of hia ' Cometographia,' and some correspondence 

 took place, which was increased into a quarrel by the dictatorial 

 manner of Hooke in the work just cited. Halley was requested by the 

 Koyal Society of London to visit Hevelius at Danzig, and judge of the 

 goodness of his observations. This voyage, which was made in 1679, 

 produced a report from Halley highly favourable to Hevelius. In 

 1664 Hevelius was elected a member of the Royal Society of London. 

 In 1679 he sustained considerable loss by the destruction of his house 

 and observatory by fire. The whole of his instruments and library 

 were destroyed, including most of the copies of the second part of his 

 ' Machine Ccelestis,' which had only been published that year. This 

 second part is now extremely rare. This accident appears only to have 

 had the effect of increasing his ardour in the pursuit of astronomy, 

 for he shortly after erected a new observatory, though on a less 

 magnificent scale; and by 1685 be bad another volume of observations 

 ready for publication. He had now been occupied forty-nine years as 

 an observer, and bad attained sixty-three years, the climacteric, as it 

 used to be called, of life, for which reason this volume (the last pub- 

 lished during his lifetime) is entitled 'Annus Climactericu?.' His 

 posthumous works are * Firmamentum Sobieskiauum ' (1690) and 

 Prudromus Astronomic' (1691). Hejdied at Danzig, universally 

 respected, in 1687-88, and in his seventy-sixth year. During his life- 

 time he carried on an active correspondence with most of the learned 

 men of Europe. The letters of bis correspondents, and numerous 

 observations, in 17 folio volumes, were purchased of his family by 

 M. Dclille in 1725, and some of these were published by J. P. Kohlius 

 in the supplement to the ninth volume of the ' Acts Eruditorum,' 

 ect. viii. p. 359 : the rest are at the Royal Observatory at Paris. His 

 relation, J. E. Olhoff, published a considerable number of letters written 

 to him in 1683. 



Hevelius comes next to Flamsteed among the men of his day, as a 

 diligent and accurate observer of the heavens. His ' Firmamentum 

 Sobie*kianum ' is a standard catalogue of stars, containing the places 

 of 950 stars known to the ancients, 603 observed by himself, and 373 





southern stars by Halley. For a full account of all his labours, see 

 Delambre, ' Hist. Astron. Mod.,' vol. ii. pp. 434-484 ; see also Weidler, 

 Hist. Astron.,' p. 485. 



HEYDEN, JOHN VAN DER, a very eminent Dutch painter, born 

 at Gorcum about 1637. He is one of the most admirable painters of 

 external architecture of the Dutch, and indeed ranks high among 

 the architectural painters without reference to country or school. His 

 views of temples, palaces, churches, cities, aud country-houses, are not 

 only painted with remarkable precision as well as minuteness of detail, 

 but his miniature-like finishing is combined with admirable keeping of 

 the masses, very striking effects of light and shade, and a clear and 

 powerful tone. The value of his early works is enhanced by their 

 being adorned with figures by A. Van der Velde, after whose death, 

 in 1672, Van der Heyden very successfully imitated his manner. His 

 drawings, both in Indian ink and red chalk, are highly valued, as are 

 also his admirable etchings. He died in 1712 at Amsterdam. 



HEYLIN, PETER, was born in 1600, at Burford in Oxfordshire, 



globe, which met with great success, and was reprinted several times 

 with alterations and additions. Heylin was appointed chaplain in 

 ordinary to King Charles I., who presented him to several livings, of 

 which he was afterwards deprived in the rebellion, when his own 

 property also was confiscated. On the restoration of Charles II. 

 he was made sub-dean of Westminster, and he died in 1602. He 

 wrote a large number of works on the religious and political contro- 

 versies of the times, several of which were in the first instance 

 published under an assumed name. He was a very decided follower 

 of Laud in his theological views, belonging to the extreme section of 

 what is termed the High Church party. Among his principal works 



contained in the Creed, according to the Greeks and Latins ; ' ' Examen 

 Historicum, or a Discovery and Examination of the Mistakes and 

 Defects of some Modern Histories,' a work which led to a controversy 

 with Thomas Fuller, whose ' Church History ' Heylin attacked with 

 great asperity ; ' Cosmography ; ' ' Ecclesia Restaurata, or the History 

 of the Reformation of the Church of England ; ' ' History of Epis- 

 copacy ; ' also various works against Calvinism. 



HEYNE, CHR. GOTTLOB, born at Chemnitz in Saxony in 1729, 

 studied at Leipzig, and distinguished himself early as a classical 

 scholar. The chair of eloquence and poetry in the University of 

 Gottingen having become vacant by the death of J. M. Gesner, Heyue 

 was appointed to it in 1763. From that time till his death Heyne 

 was one of the most distinguished members of that learned institution, 

 whose reputation he greatly contributed to uphold both by his lectures 

 and by his publications. The department to which Heyne particularly 

 applied himself was that of classical criticism and the illustration of 

 the writings of the ancients, by showing how they ought to be studied 

 with reference to the manners aud character of their respective agea. 

 He published his ideas on these subjects in his notes to the ' Biblio- 

 theca ' of Apollodorus, and afterwards in numerous dissertations 

 inserted in the ' Transactions of the University of Gottingen.' His 

 disciples M. Hermann, Voss, Manso, and others, have followed in the 

 same path. Heyne's ' Opuscula Academica,' 6 vols. 8vo, Gottingen, 

 1785-1815, contain many learned and valuable disquisitions on ancient 

 history. Heyne published editions of Homer, Pindar, Diodorus Sicu- 

 lus, Epictetus, Virgil, Tibullus, &c., all enriched with ample commen- 

 taries. His ' Antiquarisohe Aufsiitze,' in 2 vols., are essays on the 

 history of ancient art. As librarian to the University of Gottingen 

 he introduced an excellent method of cataloguing the books of that 

 extensive collection, which under his superintendence increased pro- 

 digiously, both in number of works and value, Heyne died at 

 Gottingen at a very advanced age, in July 1814. His life, which has 

 been written at some length by his son-in-law Heeren (8vo, Gottiugen, 

 1813), contains an interesting account of the difficulties that this 

 scholar had to encounter in early life. 



HEYWOOD, JOHN, one of our earliest dramatic writers, lived in 

 the first half of the 16th century. He was probably a native of 

 London, was educated at Oxford, and possessed lands at North Minis, 

 in Berks, where he is supposed to have made the acquaintance of his 

 neighbour Sir Thomas More. This lover of wit introduced him at the 

 court of Henry VIII., where his musical skill as a player on the 

 virginals, and his liveliness, both in society and iu his writings, gained 

 him high favour. To Queen Mary he was further recommended by 

 his zealous attachment to the Romish Church. In the reign of 

 Edward VI. he was accused of plotting against the government, and is 

 said to have with difficulty escaped the halter. He retired to the 

 continent, aud died about 1565, at Mechlin, in Brabant. Heywood's 

 dramatic pieces stand between the miracle-plays and moral-plays on 

 the one hand, and the elaborated dramas on the other. " They may 

 properly and strictly," says Mr. Collier, in his ' History of Dramatic 

 Poetry,' " be called Interludes a species of writing of which he has a 

 claim to be considered the inventor." The earliest of them, ' A mery 

 Play between the Pardoner and the Frere, the Curate aud Neybour 

 Pratte,' was not printed till 1533, but must have been written before 



