41* 



HIODEH. HANUI.PH. 



HILARIUa 



t... 



bare nude UM of it in several part* of hi. work. Qemrd VoMiiu 

 (De Historic!* Gnocis,' h. 1. ch. xi) distimiulshes Hioronymiis of 

 Cardia both from Hi.ronjmus of Rhodes, a disoiple of Aristotle, and 

 from Hierouynius UM EgypUan, who WM govurnor of Syria under 

 Antiochus Soter, and who wroU a history of Phmnioia, quoted by 

 Josephus, Antiqu. Jud./ b. 1. (8M also Rcckerdut nr la Vie it let 

 Qa-srejej At Jtrtme <U Cmrdie, par 1'AbW Svin, in the Uinunra ck 

 tAtadtmit da ltucnflio*i tt BtOtt-Ltltnt, vol. xiii.) 



ill<;i'KN. KAXULPH or HAI.l'll, author of th ' Polyohronioon.' 

 WM a Benedictine monk of St. Wsrburgh's monastery in Chester, 

 where be died at a great age, altar having lived in the convent sixty- 

 four yean ; according to Bale iu 1367. according to Pita in 1373. Gale 

 published a portion of Higden's original work in the ' Scripture*,' xv., 

 :'..!.. Oxford, 1691. John de Trevisa's tranalation of the ' Polychro- 

 uieon ' was printed by Caxton in folio, iu 1482, iu seven book*, to 

 which Cuton added an eighth. The Cheater Mysteries, exhibited in 

 that city in 1328, at the expense of the several trading corporations, 

 have been ascribed to Higden. That a monk of the name of Handle, 

 or Kanulph, contemporary with Uigden, had some concern iu them, 

 there oeeuu no doubt It is however far from clear that Uigden was 

 himself the person. 



HIOGINS or HIGINS, JOHN, was born about 1544. He was 

 educated at Oxford, but whether be took a degree is uncertain. He 

 became a clergyman, and was employed as a schoolmaster or tutor. 

 Whilst so employed he compiled a manual for the use of hU scholars, 

 under the title of the'Flosculi of Terence,' which became a very 

 popular school-book ; he published likewise an enlarged and amended 

 edition of Holoot's Latin, English, and French Dictionary (folio, 1572), 

 mid the ' Nomcuclator ' of Juuius. But he is best known as one of 

 the contributors to the ' Mirror for Magistrates,' of which he edited in 

 1574 a new edition, and to which he wrote a new ' Induction,' and 

 rupplied forty legends, relating mostly to the mythical history of 

 England. In one of tho ' envoys,' he tells us that he did not " take 

 the pain to learn the tongues and write" until he was twenty; that 

 French and Latin were his chief studies ; and that he published his 

 part of the ' Mirror for Magistrates' when thirty. One stanza from 

 the introduction will give a fair specimen of his manner, and at the 

 same time supply information on the nature of the poem. He tells 

 us that he bought the book on which he was then employed in making 

 additions, and goes on to enumerate those who were celebrated 

 therein : 



" Some perdjr wtra king* of high estate, 



And tome were dukes and came of regal nee ; 



Some princes, lorda, and judges great, that sate 



In council ii;I, decreeing every case. 



Borne other, knights, that vices did embrace ; 



Some gentlemen ; some poor exalted high ; 



Yet every one had played his tragedy." 



The 'Mirror for Magistrates' went through many editions from iU 

 first appearance as Lidgate's ' Fall of Princes ' to its latest shape iu the 

 impression of 1610. The date of the death of Rigging is not knowu ; 

 he was probably living in 1602, as in that year a controversial tract 

 of ' Christ's Descent into Hell ' was written and published by him. 



HIGHMUUE, JOSEl'U, a portrait and historical painter of some 

 reputation in his day, was born in London in 1692. He was the 

 nephew of Highmore, serj cant-painter to William III., and was 

 originally bred to the law; but having a decided disposition for 

 painting, ho gave up the law, and became tho pupil of Sir Godfrey 

 Kueller, in whose style he painted. Tho city was the first field of 

 his labours, whence he removed to Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, where he 

 painted a set of portraits of the Knights of the Order of ttie Bath, 

 which has been engraved by John Pine. Higbmore was a man of 

 much general information ; he had a good knowledge of anatomy, and 

 was thoroughly acquainted with perspective. He used to attend 

 Chesclden's lecture*, and he made the drawings for his treatise on 

 anatomy : we owe to him also one of the best practical books on 

 perspective, ' The Practice of Perspective, on the principles of Dr. 

 Brook Taylor, in a Series of Examples, from the most simple and 

 easy to the most complicated and difficult cases,' London, 1763. He 

 published also a critical examination of tho apotheosis of James I., 

 painted by liubens on the ceiling of the Banqueting-House at White- 

 hall. Highmore painted many portraits of royalty, nobility, and 

 gentry, one of the best of which is that of Young, the poet, at All 

 Souls' College, Oxford. His historical pieces are of little merit : one of 

 the best, ' Hagar and lahmaei,' was presented by him to the Foundling 

 Hospital Uighmore painted several pictures from the works of 

 Itichardson the novelist, but his chief works are taken from the 

 Scriptures. He died at Canterbury in 1780, in the house of his 

 daughter, who was married to one of the prebendaries of that city, 

 and he was Imried in the cathedral. 



HILA'KION, SAINT, the founder of monastic institutions in 

 Palestine, was born at Tabatba, near Gaza, about 291. His parents, 

 who were heathens, sent him at an early age to Alexandria to pursue 

 his studies, where he made great progress in philosophy and literature. 

 Having been converted to tho Christian religion, he resolved, iu imi- 

 Utiou of Antouius, with whom he had spent t -o mouths iu the deserts 

 f ^gJP* * retire from the world. Accordingly, on his return to 

 1'alestin*, he divided among his relatives the property which his 



parents had left him, and retreated at the age of fifteen to the desert 

 country south of Gaza, After remaining in this place for twenty-two 

 years, during which time ha practised the greatest austerities, his repu- 

 tation for sanctity became so great that numbers of people resorted to 

 him iu order to be cured of their diseases. According to Jerome, 

 Uilarion performed the greatest miracles; and "was so full of tho 

 power of the Holy Ghost as to be able to discover, from the smell of 

 the bodies and the clothes of men, or of anything else they had but 

 touched, to what particular demon or to what vice they were severally 

 subject." Hilarion afterwards went to Egypt, and successively v 

 Sicily, Dalmatia, and Cyprus, where he died about the year :.i71. 

 Wo are informed by Jerome that, "by the influence of Hilsrion'a 

 example, innumerable monasteries began to be founded through all 

 Palestine." 



The life of Hilarion has been written by Jerome, and is printed in 

 voL iv., part it, pp. 74-90, of the Benedictine edition of his works. 



HILA'KIUS, SAINT, was born at Poitiers, of which place ho was 

 afterwards made bishop about 350. He is distinguished in ecclesias- 

 tical history by the active part which ho took against the Arians during 

 the reign of Constantius. He was banished by this emperor to Phrygia, 

 shortly after he had been elected Bishop of Poitiers, on account of his 

 defence of Athanasius, in the council of Bdziers, against Saturninus, 

 bishop of Aries. In the East he continued his exertions iu favour of 

 the Catholic faith. In 359 be attended the council of Seleucia in 

 Isauria, which had been summoned by order of Constantius, and boldly 

 defended the doctrine of the Trinity against the Arian bishops, who 

 formed the majority of the council. He afterwards followed tlie 

 deputies of the council to the emperor's court, and presented a petition 

 to Constantius, in which he desired permission to dispute publicly 

 with the Arians in the emperor's presence. In order to get rid of so 

 formidable an opponent, the Arians, it is said, induced the emperor to 

 send him away from the court ; but previous to his departure, llilariua 

 wrote an invective against Coustantius, in which he denounced hiiu 

 as Anti-Christ, and described him as a person who had only professed 

 Christianity in order that he might deny Christ. After the Catholic 

 bishops had recovered their liberty under Julian, Hilariua assembled 

 several councils in Gaul for the re-establishment of the Catholic faith 

 and the condemnation of Arian bishops. He also travelled in Italy 

 for the same purpose, and used every exertion to purify the churches 

 of that country from all Arian heresies. When Auxentius wa 

 appointed Bishop of Milan by the Emperor Valeutinian in 364, 

 Hilarius presented a petition to the emperor, in which he denounced 

 Auxentius as a heretic. Though this charge was denied by Auxeutius, 

 Hilarius still continued his attacks upon his orthodoxy, and created 

 so much confusion in the city that he was at length ordered to retire 

 to his own diocese, where he died shortly afterwards, iu the year 367. 



The most important of Hilarius's works are: 1, ' Twelve Books 

 concerning the Trinity ;' 2, ' A Treatise on Synods,' addressed to tliu 

 bishops of France and Britain, in which he gives an account of the 

 creeds which had been adopted by the Eastern churches since tho 

 Council of Nice ; 3, ' Three Discourses addressed to Constantius,' on 

 the Arian controversy; 4, 'A Commentary on St. Matthew;' 5, 'A 

 CiHiiniuutary on the Psalms' (these commentaries are entirely taken 

 from the commentaries of St. Augustine) ; 6, ' A Book of Fragments,' 

 which contains extracts from several of the hut works of Hilarius. 



The writings of Hilarius are very obscure, and often unintelligible, 

 which is principally owing to his fondness for antithesis and meta- 

 phorical expressions, and to the length and intricacy of his periods. 

 Though he was very severe iu condemning the erroneous opinions of 

 others, he differed in many particulars from the doctrines of the 

 Catholic Church, especially in respect to the person of Christ ; he held 

 also that the souls of men are material. 



The works of Hilarius have been published by Mincus, Paris, 1544 ; 

 Erasmus, Basel, 1523, reprinted 1526, 1535, 1550, 1570 ; Gillot, Paris, 

 1572, reprinted with several improvements 1605, 1631, 1652; by the 

 Benedictines, Paris, 1693 ; the Marquis de Mallei, Verona, 1730 ; aud 

 Oberthur, 4 vols. 8vo, 1781-88. 



(Du Pin, KccUticutical Hittory, vol. iL, pp. 61-79, English translation ; 

 Lardner, Credibility, Workt, vol. iv., pp. 178, 179.) 



HILA'KIUS, a native of Sardinia, was made deacon of Home about 

 A.O. 354. He is frequently mentioned by Jerome ('Adv. Lucif.') as a 

 rigid Luciferiau, a sect which derived its name from Lucifer, bishop of 

 Cogliari, in Sardinia, who separated from the church on account of the 

 absolution that had been granted to those Catholics who had become 

 Arians during the reign of Constantino. Hilarius wrote several works 

 in favour of the opinions of Lucifer ; iu which he maintained, among 

 other tilings, that Arians and all other heretics ought to be baptised 

 again wheu they were converted to the orthodox faith. 



Hilarius is generally supposed to have been the author of a ' Com- 

 mentary ' on thirteen of St. Paul's Epistles, which is usually print- .1 

 with the works of St. Ambrose; and also, though this is more doubtful, 

 of ' Queetiones in Vetus et Novum Testaineutum,' usually joined with 

 St. Augustine's works. The Benedictine editors of St. Ambrose inform 

 us that tue manuscripts of the 'Commentary' on St. Paul's \. 

 differ considerably, and that iu some parts there appear to bo interpo- 

 lations of long passages. This commentary is said by Du Pin to be 

 " clear, plain, aud literal, and to give the meaning of the text of 

 St. Paul well enough; but it gives very different explanations from 



