437 



HITTORFF, JACQUES-10NACE. 



HOADLEY, BENJAMIN. 





HITTORFF, JACQUES-IGNACE, architect, who has designed 

 some of the chief buildings in Paris erected within a recent period, 

 and who is the author of some standard books illustrative of classical 

 architecture, was born at Cologne in the year 1793. His father, a 

 passionate admirer of the architectural antiquities around him, 

 devoted his son to the practice of an art for which the latter also 

 manifested in his early years an inclination. Having received a good 

 scientific and literary education, M. Hittorff's professional training 

 was commenced at Cologne, where, as was customary, it included 

 practical exercise in mason's work and bricklaying : he was thus occu- 

 pied when about the age of fifteen years ; and houses built from his 

 drawings, whereat he was himself a workman, are still remaining. In 

 1810, at the age of seventeen, M. Hittcrff arrived in Paris : here he 

 pursued his studies with M. Beiangcr, an architect of some repute, 

 who was then engaged upon the construction of the abattoir Eoche- 

 chouart, and the cupola constructed in iron of the Halle au Ble. In 

 his academical studies in the School of Architecture, where he was 

 under the guidance of Percier, he gained many medals. In 1818, 

 after the death of BeJanger, he was named architect to the king, 

 and charged with the direction of the fetrs and ceremonies at the 

 court. Thus between 1819 and 1830, M. Hittorff, with his colleague 

 M. Le Cointe, executed the decorations in the church of St. -Denis 

 at the funerals of the Prince of Cond<5, the Due ds Berry, and the 

 king Louis XVIII. ; those in the church of Notre Dame at Paris for 

 the marriage of the Due de Berry, and for the b.iptism of the Due de 

 Bordeaux, of which illustrations were published by the authors ; and 

 those on the coronation of Charles X. at It irns. With the same 

 architect he directed the works at the ThcSatre-Italien (previously 

 Salle-Favart), and the construction of the Theatre de 1'Ambigu-Comique, 

 which showed the way to many contrivances in theatrical architecture 

 and decoration. In the intervals of his duties, M. Hittorff pursued 

 the study of ancient architecture. In 1820 and 1821 he studied the 

 examples of architecture in England and Germany. During the years 

 1822 to 1824 he was able to visit Italy, and to carry out a project for 

 the exploration of the remains in Sicily. To the latter object, in con- 

 junction with his pupil M. Zanth, now architect to the King of 

 Wurtemberg, and SI. Stier, professor of architecture at Berlin, he 

 devoted nearly a year, and the result was the possession of more than 

 a thousand drawings, and the solution of difficulties in history espe- 

 cially through the light which was thrown by the discoveries, upon the 

 question of the application of external colouring to their buildings by 

 the Greeks. From the materials thus collected, Messrs. Hittorff and 

 Zanth published their two works the one, the 'Architecture Moderue 

 de la Sicile,' with 76 folio plates, Paris, 1835; and the other, the 

 * Architecture Antique de la Sicile,' which has reached to 48 plates, 

 and which it ii intended to continue to 150; and M. Hittorff pub- 

 lished his recent and valuable work, ' Architecture Polycrdme chez les 

 Grecs,' &c., with 25 plates (Paris, 1851), where he gives a restoration 

 of the temple of Empedocles at Selinua, coloured according to his 

 matured conclusions as to the ancient practice. In 1830 M. Hittorff 

 had published a translation from English of 'The Unedited Antiquities 

 of Attica' of the Society of Diletanti, which he enriched with new 

 illustrations, designs for restorations, and many notes. M. Hittorff 

 is also the author of many ' Memoires ' upon the ancient basilicas, 

 Egyptian and antique metal work, the city of Pompeii, and ancient 

 and modern arabesques, and of the articles on architecture in the 

 'Encyclopedic des Gens du Monde.' 



Amongst the works which M. Hittorff has designed and superin- 

 tended the construction of since the year 1833, may be named the 

 following : the arrangement of the Place de la Concorde (in which 

 the obelisk of Luxor was placed), with the fountains, rostral columns, 

 and other newly-designed embellishments ; the five fountains of the 

 Champs-Elyte'es ; cafes, restaurants, small theatres, and guard-houses ; 

 the Panorama rotonda, commenced in October 1838, and opened to 

 the public in May 1839; the present Cirque-de-1'Imperatrice, which 

 was commenced at the end of 1839 and opened eight months after- 

 wards; the Cirque-Napoleon, commenced in April 1851 and opened in 

 December of the same year; the new disposition in 1855 of the 

 Place de-1'Etoile ; the Avenue-de-l'Imperatrice, and the Bois-de-Bou- 

 logne. The two circuses the one last named on the Boulevard-des- 

 Filles-du-Calvaire, and the other in the Champs-Elysees are of like 

 dimensions ; and in all, three circular structures have been completed 

 by M. Hittorff, each having a diameter of 124 French feet, and answer- 

 ing the conditions of having the smallest possible area of points of 

 support. At the Panorama, where the admission of light entailed 

 great difficulty, the roof, having a span equal to that of the Pantheon 

 at Rome, was sustained without any actual internal support, on the 

 suspension-bridge principle, by means of twelve cables, which were 

 formed of iron wire. At the Cirque-de-l'Impcratriec, where a penta- 

 gonal plan was adopted, he designed a central portiou of the roof, 

 having a diameter of about 100 French feet, to be supported upon 

 sixteen small iron columns, and so executed it, though without 

 the authority of the Conseil des Bailments, by whom it was feared 

 that the thrust of the roof would endanger the stability, and who 

 required the introduction of ties. In the Cirque-Napoleon the 

 whole area wag covered by a conical roof without ties, standing on 

 twenty points of support. These buildings have excited great interest 

 in England, the Continent, and America; and illustrations of them 



have been published in several forms. M. Hittorff's most important 

 work however is perhaps the church of St.-Vincent-de-Paul. In 

 this he was at first joined with his father-in-law, the late M. La Pere, 

 an architect who was associated with Gondouin in the erection of the 

 column of the Place-Venilome, and had contributed to the great 

 French work on Egypt some of its best illustrations. At the 

 church alluded to, although the restraints upon the architect pre- 

 vented his completing the exterior as designed, in the interior a grand 

 impression is produced by the proportions of the colonnades, the 

 carpentry of the roof, the hemicycle, the organ, the ornaments, and the 

 magnificent coloured decoration of the walls and stained glass. The 

 architect has applied the knowledge of ancient monuments, and added 

 all the results of modern artistic processes and industry ; and the work 

 has earned high praise from all parts of Europe, Italy included. 

 M. Hittorff's other works include the Mairie of the 12th arrondisse- 

 ment, built between 1848 and 1851 ; the Ecole-Communale, in the 

 Rue-des-Pretres-St.-Germain-rAuxerrob (1852-54) ; the building near 

 the Barriere-du-Trone, for an institution founded by the empress for 

 the education of 300 young girls (1854-56) ; and, in conjunction 

 with other architects, the vast Hotel du-Louvre, the works of which, 

 involving an outlay of 12 millions of francs aud au enormous amount 

 of contrivance in details, were completed within the space of a year. 

 More recently M. Hittorff has been charged with a project for some 

 important public buildings estimated to cost 24 millions of francs, 

 proposed to be erected opposite the Louvre. In the autumn of 1856 

 however ha started on a fresh visit to Italy, with a view to the 

 completion of his work on ancient architecture. During the course 

 of an honourable and active career, he has prepared, besides the works 

 which have been named, many designs for theatres, museums, houses, 

 sepulchral chapels, and tombs, at requisitions sent to him from all 

 parts of Germany and France. He has been attached as architect to 

 the government of France and the city of Paris, is a member of the 

 Institute of France, and has been elected in the academies of Berlin, 

 Munich, Vienna, and Milan, and the National Institute of Washington, 

 and is a corresponding member of the Institute of British Architects ; 

 he is an officer of the Prussian order of merit, and of other foreign 

 orders, and was most worthily selected by the Institute of British 

 Architects to be the recipient of the royal medal being the third 

 foreigner upon whom that distinguished honour had been conferred. 



HOADLEY, BENJAMIN, an English clergyman, successively 

 bishop of Bangor, Hereford, Salisbury, and Winchester, was born in 

 1670, at Westerham in Kent. In a general view of Bishop Hoadley's 

 character, and his relation to the times in which he lived, he is to be 

 regarded, 1st, as a principal writer among the divines of the English 

 Church (of whom there were many in the 18th century) who are called 

 Rational, that is, who have renounced the whole of what constitutes 

 proper Calvinism, and have advanced more or less near to the opinions 

 which are comprehended under the term Unitarianism. Hoadley's 

 'Plain Account of the Sacrament,' and still more bis ' Discourses on 

 the Terms of Acceptance,' show how 'rational' was the view which 

 he took of Christianity, its requirements, and its ordinances. These 

 works are still much read, and greatly valued by those who coincide 

 iu his opinions, whether in or out of the Establishment. 2. He is to 

 be regarded as the great advocate of what are called Low Church 

 principles, a species of Whiggism in ecclesiatios, iu opposition to the 

 high pretensions sometimes advanced by the church or particular 

 churchmen. It was in this character that he wrote his treatise on the 

 ' Measure of Obedience to the Civil Magistrate,' which was animad- 

 verted upon by Bishop Atterbury [ATPEEBURY, FRANCIS], and defended 

 by Hoadley, whose conduct on this occasion so pleased the House of 

 Commons that they represented in an address to Queen Anne what 

 signal service he had done to the cause of oivil and religious liberty. 

 But he was engaged more earnestly in defence of those principles 

 when, being then bishop of Bangor, he printed a sermon from the 

 text, " My kingdom is not of this world," concerning the true nature 

 of that kingdom which Christ came to establish on earth, the prin- 

 ciples of which were attacked by various persons. It was out of this 

 sermon that the celebrated Bangorian controversy arose, one of the 

 most remarkable in the history of the Protestant Church of England. 

 The doctrines of Hoadley being vehemently opposed by the Lower 

 House of Convocation, excited such violent discussions in that body 

 that the government in order to prevent further dissensions suddenly 

 prorogued the Convocation, and the Houses of Convocation have never 

 since been permitted to meet for the despatch of business. 



In the reigns of the first and second Georges, divines of the school 

 to which Hoadley belonged found favour at court. It was otherwise 

 in the reign of George 111. The succession of Hoadley's preferments 

 with the dates follows. In early life he was a city clergyman, having 

 the rectory of St. Peter le Poor, with the rectorship of St. Mildred in 

 the Poultry. In 1710, when the Tory influence was becoming predo- 

 minant in the councils of Queen Anne, a private patron, Mrs. Rowland, 

 of Streatham, who was connected with the noble house of Russell, 

 presented him with the rectory of Streatham. The queen died in 

 1714, and the accession of King George I. brought with it a great 

 change in the politics of the court ; one of the first bishoprics that fell 

 vacant, which was that of Bangor, was presented to him. In 1721 he 

 was translated to Hereford, and thence in 1723 to Salisbury. Iu 1734 

 he was made Bishop of Winchester. He died in 1761. 



