!!( HI:, I. LSABE 



HODGKINSON, EATON. 



411 



doe* not contain a single picture by Hobbima, bat there are aotne, 

 tboack not among tbe be**, of hi. work, in the galleiy at Dulwioh. 



HOCHK, LAZARE, born in 178 Mar Vw*ille, of very bumble 

 parentage, enlisted in the French Guard* at the age of aixteen. When 

 UM Revolution broke out be warmly espoused iu oauso, obtained a 

 lieutenant*! commirsion in a regiment of the line, and *erved in 

 Klanden under Duuiouriet Having distinguished himself he wu 

 rapidly promoted, and at the age of twenty-four wai made general 

 in command of the army of the Moselle. He opened the campaign 

 by attacking tbe Duke of Brunswick, in which however he failed. In 

 eoncrrt with Picbegru he then attacked the Austrian army under 

 Wurnuer, and drove it put of Alsace. Upon incurring the displeasure 

 of 81 Joit, the terroriit commissioner of the Convention, he wu 

 arreeted and thrown into prison at Paris, when hit life was saved by 

 tbe overthrow of Robetpiem in July 1794. The Convention restored 

 him to hi* rank, and sent him agaiuat the insurgents of La Vendee, 

 where he showed much 6 r nines* mixed with considerable address 

 and a disposition to conciliate, instead of driving tbe royalists to 

 despair : he defeated tbe emigrant who had landed at Quiberou in 

 July 1795, and having obliged them to surrender, he wrote to the 

 Convention ndvUing that the leaden only should be punished, and the 

 net be spared ; bnt the Convention ordered a general ina-sacre. Hoche 

 npon this gave up the command of that district to General Lemoiue, 

 and withdrawing to the south of the Loire, continued his operations 

 in Vendee Proper, where he succeeded in putting down the insurrection, 

 and seizing Charette and the other leaders, who were put to death. 

 By a decree of the Directory, Jnly 179<>, he was declared to have well 

 deserved of his country. 



Hoche now conceived the idea of effecting a landing in Ireland, and 

 a fleet having been equipped at Brest with great secrecy, he embarked 

 hU troops in December 1796, but being separated by a storm from the 

 rest of tbe fleet, he was obliged to return to France without effecting 

 an v thing. 



Upon the Directory giving him the command of the army of Sambre- 

 et-Meuse, he crowed the Rhine near Neuwied, in presence of an Austrian 

 army, defeated the Austrian* in several battles, and advanced as far as 

 VTetzUr, where he heard of the truce of Leoben, concluded between 

 Bonaparte and the Archduke Charles, wLich put a stop to hostili- 

 ties. In the quarrel which was then beginning to manifest itself 

 between the Directory and the Legislative Councils, Hoche took tbe 

 part of the Executive, and he began to direct some of his forces 

 towards Paris in order to support the Directory in the measures which 

 it contemplated. For this he was denounced by the councils, and 

 Bonaparte meantime having offered the support of his own army of 

 Italy, the Directory declined Hoche's services, and made use of 

 Augereau to effect the coup d'dtat of Fructidor. [AtoEREAC.] 

 Hoche stems to have taken to heart this slight of the Directory, and 

 he returned to hi* head- quarters at Wetzlar, where he was seized by 

 a sudden illness, of which he died on the 15th of September 1797. 

 The symptoms of the disease give rise to suspicions of poison. HU 

 remains were removed to Paris with great pomp, and his funeral waa 

 celebrated in the Champ de Mars with great magnificence. Hi) life 

 has been written by Rousaelin, iu 2 vols. 8vo. 



HODGES, WILLIAM, R.A., was born in London about the year 

 1744. His father was a blacksmith, and kept a chop in St. James's 

 Market. He attended Shipley's drawing school when very young, and 

 became afterwards tbe pupil of Wilson tbe landscape-painter. He 

 painted decorations for theatres, landscapes, and architectural views ; 

 among the latter a view of the interior of the Pantheon, Oxford-street, 

 which was burnt down on January 14th, 1792. 



In 1772 Hodge* accompanied Captain Cook as draftsman on his 

 second voyage to the South Seas ; and his drawings were published in 

 Cook's narrative. After the completion of this work he went to India, 

 where, under the patronage of Warren Hastings, he realised a con- 

 siderable fortune, and returned to London in 1784. About 1790 he 

 made a tour on the continent of Europe, visiting Russia; and he 

 exhibited a view of St. Petersburg at the Royal Academy in 1793. In 

 1795, finding that his Indian fortune was diminishing instead of 

 increasing, he established a bank at Dartmouth in Devonshire, which 

 however broke two years afterwards in consequence of the devastations 

 of the French in Newfoundland. The shock brought on the death of 

 Hodges on the 6th of March ; and his wife (his third) died a few 

 month* afterward*. He was elected a member of the Royal Academy 

 in 1787. 



Hodge* waa not a painter of great ability ; in style he imitated 

 Wilson, but with little success. Hi* best work* are a view of Windsor 

 from the great park, and three or four views painted in India. He 

 painted also two or three historical piece* for Boydell's Shakspere. 

 His last work* were two ordinary landscapes illustrating the effects of 

 peace and war, which he exhibited with twenty-three others, one of 

 which waa a large view of Falconet'* equestrian statue of Peter tbe 

 Great at St Petersburg, in Old Bond-street ; one of his companion 

 pictures wu a seaport in prosperity, the other was the some view 

 devastated by fire and sword. These two pictures, which have been 

 engraved, are now in Sir John Soane'i museum. Several of the works 

 of Hodge* have been engraved ; he himself executed a set of Indian 

 views in aquatints, which be dedicated to the East India Company. 

 Ho published also an account of hii travels in India, with plates. 



HODGKINSON, EATON, Professor of the Mechanic* of Engi- 

 neering in University College, London, is an European authority 

 upon the properties of iron, out or wrought, with regard to its appli- 

 cation in architecture and engineering. He wu born at Anderton, 

 near Northwich, in Cheshire, on the 86th of February 1789. Having 

 lost his father early, his mother sent him to the grammar school at 

 Northwich, intending that eventually he should enter the church. 

 Her small patrimony however compelled her to abandon the idea of 

 ending him to Cambridge ; and she removed to Manchester, where she 

 entered into a business, in which she wu assisted by her son, who 

 was then about the age of twenty-one. The nature of tbe employment 

 however wu not agreeable to Mr. Hodgkinaon, whose education had 

 been advanced in Hebrew and other language*, and who wu becoming 

 attached to mathematical studies. These lait he pursued further, 

 finding himself in a place where mechanism and ingenuity abounded, 

 but where additional science seemed to be not un needed. Knowledge 

 of the strength of materials wu at that time defective ; and especial 

 difficulty attended the use of cast-iron. Before the period of Mr. 

 Hodgkiuson'* researches, the chief authority on the subject of 

 iron beam* wu Tredgold, who reasoned on the supposition that, when 

 subject to cross-strain, a body resisted the force of compression along 

 the top, and that of extension along the bottom, equally ; and who 

 therefore devised a sectional form like the letter j. Mr. Hodgkinsou 

 however showed that cast-iron and all crystalline bodies resist a crush- 

 ing force far more effectually than they do a force tending to tear 

 them uunder, and hu thus established the fact that the form of the 

 letter T inverted ( i), with a bottom flange about six times as large 

 u the top one, constitutes the most economical disposition of the 

 material the gain of strength being two-fifths or upwards. The 

 earliest application of the discovery in a railway bridge, was about 

 1830, at Water-street, Manchester, for the Manchester and Liverpool 

 line, by the late George Stephoneon. 



Sir. Hodgkineon's researches have also seriously invalidated the 

 assumption of Tredgold, Moseley, Navier, auj many other*, that all 

 ' rigid ' bodies are elastic up to a certain degree of strain, at 

 least ; for, cast-iron, and some other bodies, u Btoue, he has found 

 are never absolutely elastic, their defects of elasticity varying nearly 

 as the squares of the weights laid on, or of the changes of form pro- 

 duced. With reference to the strength of pillars, the profound 

 researches of Euler had been of little value to practical men. Euler's 

 theory depended npon the force necessary to produce incipient 

 bending in a pillar loaded at the top ; but failing to discover regu- 

 larity in that force, Mr. Hodgkiuson sought for that necessary to 

 break the pillar. This proved to be regular. His experiments in this 

 enquiry (which were 227 in number) established sumo remarkable 

 facts, such as the diminution of strength by adding to the height of 

 the pillar above a certain point though with the same load, and the 

 aame vertical pressure ; that a pillar with two rounded ends is only 

 one-third of tbe strength of a pillar with the ends flat; and that 

 increase of strength results from thickening the column in the middle. 

 From these experiments Mr. Hodgkinson deduced formula for solid 

 and hollow pillars, which have been adopted in England and on the 

 Continent; and have been expanded into tables for ready reference by 

 architects. His researches last referred to were communicated to tbe 

 Royal Society, and printed in the 'Philosophical Transactions' in 

 1840, under the title 'Experimental Researches on the Strength of 

 Pillars of Cast-Iron, and of other Materials,' and for his efforts he 

 had the honour of receiving the Royal Gold Medal, and was elected 

 a fellow of the Society. These and his earlier researches on the 

 strength of materials were at the expense of Mr. Fairbairn of 

 Manchester, whose own investigations he greatly assisted ; and some 

 were aided by grants from the British Association for tbe Advance- 

 ment of Science, and with his later experiments yet to be referred 

 to, have probably involved an expenditure of 10,0002. In the 

 researches for the Association he was in some instances named con- 

 temporaneously with Mr. F&irbairn for the same subject* [FAIRBAIRN, 

 WILLIAM], as in determining the relative values of hot and cold bloat 

 iron. (' Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of 

 Science," vol. vi.) 



When Mr. Stephenson conceived the idea of constructing the 

 Britannia Bridge in the form of a wrought-iron tube, he applied, in 

 Mr. Hodgkinson states, first to Mr. Fairbairn, and then through Mr. 

 Fairbairn to Mr. Hodgkinsou himself, in order that the necessary 

 data might be got together for so novel an application of material. 

 Mr. Hodgkinson had been consulted privately Irom near the origin of 

 the scheme; but in 1845 he assisted in experiments at Mr. Fairboirn's 

 work* at Millwall, London ; and subsequently he was engaged iu the 

 most important duties of experiment and calculation, from which 

 resulted the determination of the proportions and structure of tlmt 

 which is perhaps the most remarkable effort in engineering science of 

 modern times. For bis co-operation in this work, he received a first 

 class medal at the Paris exhibition in 1855. 



In August 1847 on tho issue of a Royal Commission to inquire 

 into tbe application of iron to railway structures, consequent upon 

 the accident at the Dee Bridge, Chester Mr. Hodgkinson wu named 

 a member ; and, in the form of Appendices to their report of July 

 1849, are 180 pages giving tho results of experiment* made by 

 him for the Commission and for the Britannia Bridge. For the 



