415 



HODY, HUMPHRY, D.D. 



HOFER, ANDREW. 



413 



"remarkable aeries" for the Commission, he deservedly received 

 thanks for the " zeal and intelligence " with which the experiments 

 were carried out. 



The records of these numerous and valuable investigations are to be 

 found interspersed through the ' Transactions ' of the British Asso- 

 ciation for the Advancement of Science, and of the Literary and Philo- 

 sophical Society of Manchester, of which last society Mr. Hodgkinson 

 was for some time president, and in other publications which have been 

 referred to ; but the nature of big discoveries may also be gathered 

 from the edition of ' Tredgold on the Strength of Cast-Iron and other 

 Metals,' which he edited, adding a supplementary volume. This edition 

 bears date 1S42-46 ; and subsequent to that, the experiments for the 

 Britannia and Conway bridges demonstrated the remarkable fact of 

 the opposite character of wrought- to cast-iron, as to the capability to 

 resist the relative forces of tension and compression, and showed the 

 value of the cellular top in a tubular beam. Amongst his writings, one 

 of his earliest, ' On the Transverse Strain and Strength of Materials,' 

 will be found in the fourth volume of the ' Memoirs of the Manchester 

 Society' (second series, 1822), in which he put forth his views in 

 opposition to those which were general amongst scientific men as to 

 the situation of the neutral line in a bent body. In the fifth volume 

 of the same 'Memoirs' (1831) are five papers by him, namely, 'On 

 the Forms of the Catenary in Suspension Bridges,' of which an abstract 

 was given by the Rev. Dr. Wmewell in his ' Analytical Statics ' 

 (Cambridge, 1833), and an amplification by the Rev. Canon Moseley 

 in his ' Mechanical Principles of Engineering,' &c. ; ' On the Chain- 

 Bridge at Broughton, Manchester, with an Account of its Failure ' (two 

 papers) ; and one on the subject of the strength and form of iron- 

 beams. The fourth report of the British Association contains the 

 result of an extensive series of experiments ' On the Collision of 

 Imperfectly-Elastic Bodies,' and the fifth report a paper ' On Impact 

 upon Beam?.' 



Mr. Hodgkinson in 1S56 was engaged in pursuing various researches, 

 at the expense of the Royal Society and of Mr. Robert Stephenson. 

 He has been elected an honorary member of the chief societies con- 

 nected with architecture and engineering, and his discoveries have 

 excited the highest interest on the Continent. 



HODY, HUMPHRY, D.D., an eminent divine, was born on the 

 1st of January 1659, at Oldcombe, in Somersetshire. He was educated 

 at the University of Oxford, took his degree of M.A. in 1682, and was 

 elected in 1684 a fellow of Wadham College. In the same year he 

 published a ' Dinertatio contra Hiatoriam Aristese de LXX. Interpre- 

 tibus,' which was well received by most of his learned contemporaries. 

 Vossius however published a reply to it in an appendix to his edition 

 of ' Pomponius Mela,' But the works by which Hody was principally 

 known among his contemporaries were those which be published 

 respecting the bishops who had been deprived of their bishoprics 

 during the reign of William and Mary, for refusing to take the oath 

 of allegiance to the new government. The first work which he pub- 

 lished on thu subject was a translation of a Greek treatise, supposed 

 to have been written by Nicephorus in the latter end of the 13th or 

 the beginning of the 14th century, in which the writer maintains that 

 " although a bishop was unjustly deprived, neither he nor the church 

 ever made a separation, if the successor was not a heretic." The 

 original Greek work, as well as the English translation, were both 

 published in 1691. Amongst the numerous works published hi reply 

 to Hody, the moat celebrated was written by Dodwell, and was 

 entitled 'A Vindication of the Deprived Bishops' (Lond., 1692). In 

 the following year Hody published another work, entitled ' The Case 

 of Sees Vacant by an Uncanonical Deprivation ' (4to, Lond., 1693), in 

 which he supports the opinions of Nicephorus, and replies to the 

 arguments of his opponent*. These exertions of Hody in favour of 

 the ruling party in the church did not pass unrewarded. He was 

 appointed domestic chaplain to Tillotson, archbishop of Canterbury, 

 which office he also held under his successor. He was presented with 

 a living in London, and was appointed regiua professor of Greek at 

 Oxford in 1698, and archdeacon of Oxford in 1704. He died January 

 20th, 1706. He founded ten scholarships at Wadham College, in 

 order to promote the study of the Greek and Hebrew languages. 



Of the other works of Hody, the most important are : 1. ' De 

 Bibliornm Textibus Originalibus, versionibus Gratis et Latina Vulgata, 

 libri iv.,' Oxford, 1704, foL, which is said by Bishop Marsh to be " the 

 classical work on the Septuagint" The first book contains the disser- 

 tation against the history of Aristeas, which has been mentioned above. 

 The second give* an account of the real translators of the Septuagint, 

 and of the time when the translation was made. The third book 

 gives a history of the Hebrew text and of the Latin vulgate ; and the 

 fourth, of the other ancient Grtek versions. 2. ' The Resurrection of 

 the (Same) Body Asserted,' 8vo, Lond., 1694. 3. 'Animadversions 

 on two Pamphlets lately published by Mr. Collier,' 8vo, Lond., 1696. 

 Sir W. Perkins and Sir J. Friend had been executed in 1695 for 

 treason against the government ; but previous to their execution had 

 been absolved of their crime by some non-juring clergymen. This act 

 was condemned by the ecclesiastical authorities, but waa justified by 

 Collier in two pamphlets which h published on the subject. 4. 'De 

 Qrsecis Illustrious lingua; Grteca: litterarumque humaniorum instaura- 

 toribus,' Lond., 1742. This work was published several years after 

 the author'* death, by Dr. Jebb, who has prefixed to it an account of 



Body's life and writings, to which we ara indebted for the greater 

 part of the preceding remarks. 



HOERBERG, PEER, a distinguished Swedish painter, was born in 

 a village of Smiiland, in 1746. His father was a private soldier and 

 extremely poor, and Hoerberg's youth was spent in begging, watching 

 sheep, and other peasant's labour; and like Giotto's, bis first efforts 

 in drawing were made with sticks or chalk in the woods when per- 

 forming his pastoral duties. When only fourteen years of age he entered 

 the service of a painter of Wexib, but he remained with him for a very 

 short period. However, by the time he was two-and-twenty years of 

 age he contrived to learn so much from one painter and another in 

 his own district that he was enabled to maintain himself by his 

 paintings, and he even ventured to take a wife. In 1784, in hia thirty- 

 eighth year, he became a student in the Royal Academy of Arts at 

 Stockholm, in which he obtained two prizes, and made rapid progress. 

 In 1790 he established himself at Olstorp in East Gotaland, where ha 

 obtained a great reputation. In 1797 he was elected a member of the 

 Swedish Academy, and waa appointed historical painter to the king. 

 He died in 1816. 



There are eighty-seven altar-piecea by Hoerberg in Sweden, five of 

 which are copies. His paintings altogether amount to about seven 

 hundred, mostly religious pieces ; his drawings are likewise numerous, 

 and he executed many engravings. His execution is unfinished, but 

 his compositions are vigorous and perspicuous ; and his figures ara 

 more distinguished for character than for beauty. 



The autobiography of Hoerberg was published at Upsala in 1S17: 

 it has been translated into German and Danish. 



HOFER, ANDREW, a native of the village of St. Leonard, in the 

 valley of Passeyr, waa born on the 22nd of November 1767. During 

 the greater part of his life he resided peaceably in his own neighbour- 

 hood, where he kept an inn, and increased his profits by dealing in 

 wine, corn, and cattle. About hia neck he wore at all times a small 

 crucifix and a medal of St. George. He never held any rank in the 

 Austrian army; but he had formed a secret connection with the 

 Archduke John, when that prince had passed a few weeks in the 

 Tyrol making scientific researches. In November 1805 Hofer was 

 appointed deputy from his native valley at the conference of Brun- 

 necken, and again at a second conference, held at Vienna, in Januarv 

 1809. 



The Tyrol had for many years been an appendage of the Austrian 

 states, and the inhabitants had become devoted to that government ; 

 so that when, by the treaty of Presburg, the province was transferred 

 to the rule of the King of Bavaria, then the ally of Napoleon I., the 

 peasants were greatly irritated ; and their discontent was further pro- 

 voked by the large and frequent exactions which the continual wars 

 obliged the new government to levy on the Tyrolese. The conse- 

 quence was, that when their own neighbourhood became the theatre 

 of military operations between Austria and France, in the spring of 

 1809, a general insurrection broke out in the Tyrol. His resolution 

 of character, natural eloquence, and private influence as a wealthy 

 citizen, joined to a figure of great stature and strength, pointed out 

 Andrew Hofer to his countrymen as the leader of this revolt; and 

 with him were united Spechbacher, Joseph Haspinger, and Martin 

 Teimer, whose names have all become historical. A perfect under- 

 standing was maintained between the insurgents aud their late 

 masters, and the signal of the insurrection waa given by the Archduke 

 John in a proclamation from his head-quarters at Klagenfurth. An 

 Austrian army of 10,000 men, commanded by the Marquis Castellar, 

 was directed to enter the Tyrol and support the insurrection, which 

 broke out in every quarter on the night of the 8th of April 1809. 

 The Austrian general himself croased the frontier at daybreak on the 

 9th. On their side, the Bavarians marched an army of 25,000 men 

 into the province to quell the revolt. Hofer and his band of armed 

 peasantry fell upon the Bavarians, whilst entangled in the narrow 

 glens, and on the 10th of April defeated Besson and Leihoine at the 

 Sterzinger Moos. The next day a troop of peasants under Teimer 

 took possession of Innsbruck. On the 12th Besson surrendered, with 

 his division of 3000 men. In a single week all the fortresses were 

 recovered, nearly 10,000 troopa of the enemy were destroyed, and the 

 whole province waa redeemed. 



Incensed by this interruption of his plans, Napoleon despatched 

 three armies almost simultaneously to assail the province at three 

 different points. One of these forces was under the command of 

 Marshal Lefebvre, who on the 12th of May defeated the united army 

 of the Austrian soldiers under Chastellar, and the Tyrolese peasantry, 

 under Haspinger and Spechbacher, at Feuer Singer. The troops made 

 a bad use of their victory, slaughtering the inhabitants of the villages 

 on their route, without distinction of age or sex. The Bavarian and 

 French officers encouraged and took part in the excesses of the 

 soldiers; whilst the insurgents, far from retaliating, refrained from 

 every species of licence, and nursed their wounded prisoners with the 

 same care aa their own friends. Hofer himself was not always present 

 in action, his talent consisting rather in stimulating his countrymen 

 than in actual fighting ; but at the battle of Innsbruck (May 28th, 

 1809), he led the Tyrolese, exhibited both skill and daring, and 

 defeated the Bavarians, with a loss of 4000 men. The whole of the 

 Tyrol was delivered a second time. But after the battle of Wagram 

 (July 6th), and the armistice of Znaim which immediately followed, 



