HOHENLOHE-INGELFINOEN, PIUNCE. 



HOLBEIN, JOHN. 



151 



down in hi other works. Time various sketches however. It is proper 

 to remark, an 1017 far from bring perfectly coimitent with each other; 

 and some of the UtemenU have boon denounced by other partial 

 implicated in then M oompleU mianpnwntatiooi or fictions. 



( ( Hogg'* poetical work*, br far the moat remarkable U his 'Queen's 

 Wake,' first published at Edinburgh in 1813. It ii undoubtedly a 

 rrry extraordinary perfonnanoe to hate proceeded from a person of 

 the author's opportunities, but it ha* al*o merits of a kind that do not 

 require the peculiarity of the eirouuutancea in which it was produced 

 toucito admiration. The wild imagination of KMUO parts, the gentle 

 beauty of other*, and the spirited flow of tlio poem throughout, greatly 

 took the puUic taate, and it went through many editions both in thin 

 country >nd in America in a few yean. The author never attained 

 the life, or even the polish, of thu early work in anything be after- 

 ward* wrote ; although tome of hie songs were very happy imitations 

 of the Sue old popular poetry of hit country, and both in these, and 

 in passage* of hia prose fiction*, there i often a humour rich, vigorous, 

 and original, though apt to degenerate into the coarse or extravagant 

 Of the rt*t of hia works, the chief are (besides contributions to 

 ' BUckwood's Magazine ' and other periodical publications) in poetry, 

 ' Madoc of the Moor,' ' The Pilgrims of the Sun,' ' The Poetic Mirror ' 

 (a collcftion of pieces in imitation of living poets), and ' Queen Hyndc,' 

 beside* his collections of pieces partly original, partly ancient, entitled 

 the Jacobite Relics of Scotland,' the ' Border Garland,' a Selection of 

 Songo,' and the ' Forest Minstrel ;' in prose, ' The Brownie of Bodabeck,' 

 ' Winter Evening Tales,' The Three Perils of Man,' ' The Three Perils 

 of Woman,' The Confessions of a Justified Sinner,' ' The Altrive 

 Tales,' 'The Domestic Manners and Private Life of Sir Walter Scott,' 

 and a volume of ' Lay Sermons.' His death took place at his farm of 

 Altrive, on the 21st of November 1835. 



HOHKNLpHK-lNGELFINGEN, PRINCE FREDERICK LOUIS, 

 a general of infantry in the service of Prussia, was born January Slat, 

 ITJti. Having adopted the military profession, he became a lieutenant- 

 general before the Revolution. In this capacity be was appointed to 

 command the vanguard of the Duke of Brunswick in July 1792, and 

 on the 30th of that mouth he parsed into the French territory. The 

 prince distinguished himself greatly in the first campaigns, and urged 

 his leader to make for the capital At the forcing of the lines of 

 Weissenberg, under Wurmser, in 1793, his courage and energy were 

 conspicuous. In 1790 the king of Prussia gave him the command of 

 the army along the Ems, posted there as a neutral cordon ; he was 

 likewise anointed Inspector-General of the troops in Silesia. In all 

 these military offices hig conduct met with the approbation of hia supe- 

 riors, and when his father's death called him to the rule of his small 

 dominions, the king of Prumia, after presenting him with a sword set 

 with diamonds, conferred on him the government of Bivdau. 



In 1806 he was entrusted with the command of the Prussian and 

 Saxon army, ordered to invade Frauconia; but the great battle of 

 Jena, October 14, 180ft, so fatal to the arms of Prussia, rendered nil 

 bis efforts abortive. He was compelled to retreat on Stettin, and sub- 

 vcqueutly to abandon the defence of Berlin and Magdeburg. The rest 

 of his career was an uubrokcn series of reverses : at Lochnitz ho was 

 defeated by Mural, at Prentzlow Grouchy reduced him to such htrait 

 as obliged him to capitulate with 16,000 men. Afier these disasters 

 hia spirit was utterly broken ; he wrote a touching letter to his master, 

 describing the causes of his late surrender ; transferred hia principali- 

 ties to hU sons, snd then having withdrawn to a castle ho possessed in 

 Upper Silesia, spent the last ten yeais of his life in retirement At 

 thu castle he died on the 26th of February 1817. 



HOMER, BENJAMIN CAUL HENRIK, a philosopher of very 

 high reputation in Sweden, whom Hammarskold, the historian of 

 Swedish philosophy, describes as '' the most distinguished man of his 

 country and bin age, whom Europe will one day number with pride 

 among its thinkers." He was bora on the 1st of June 1767 at 

 Klingsbo in Dalecarlia, the son of the minister of the pariah. In 

 1783 he became a student at Upsal, and in 1788 took his degree as a 

 doctor of philosophy. In Sweden as in many other countries the 

 outbreak of the French revolution excited a ferment among the young 

 and ardent in Its favour ; at Upsal a society was formed under the 

 name of ' the Junta,' of which Hoijer was the leader and the soul. 

 They were Boon of course stigmatised as Jacobins, and it was probably 

 to a wish to dr.iw his principle* into prominence that he was indebted 

 for the appointment to deliver a public oration before a portion of 

 the uuivemity on the occasion of the assassination of Gustavus HI. by 

 Aukantroui. lloijtr's spirit was not high he pronounced a panegyric 

 on the monarch who had effected a regal revolution, and even declared 

 " I should not hesitate for a moment if the choice were offered me, 

 rather to be the subject of a wise king, than to be even a powerful citizen 

 in a falling republic* under the despotism of the many." His prospects 

 were nevertheless destroyed be applied for a professorship six times 

 in vain, and went abroad to Germany and France apparently in search 

 .10 other career, but relumed to Upeal. His disappointment 

 soured his temper, and he gave indulgence to a spirit of sarcasm which 

 did not conciliate his enemies, who had alo the advantage of being 

 able to allege that his habits were remarkably licentious. At length, 

 when, in 1803, the professorship of philosophy was once again vacant, 

 and he had again applied for it with small hope* of success, the 

 sudden revolution took place which dethroned Gustavus IV., and 



many of Hoijer's old friends of the Junta came into power. He 

 received the long sought for prize, but did not long enjoy it He died 

 on the 13th of June 1M2. 



H.'ijer was a lecturer of great excellence, and as a writer wss noted 

 for elegance of style. His works were collected and published by his 

 half-brother Joseph Otto Holier, professor of Greek literature at Upsal, 

 in five volume* ('Samlade Skrifter,' Stockholm, 1S25-27). A sixth 

 was to follow, containing notes of bis travel* and other miscellaneous 

 matter, but it has never appeared. A oontiderable portion of what 

 was published was put together from brief note* of the heads of his 

 lectures, merely intended for hi* own use, which were found after hia 

 death. The subjects of the whole are discussions on different point* 

 of metaphysics and msthetics. An ' Ensay on the Philosophy of Con- 

 struction,' which was first published in 1799, was translated into 

 German and spoken of with high approbation in Schelling's journal. 

 Hammarskold describes the fundamental principle of Hoijer's views iu 

 philosophy as this that the natural condition of man is that iu which 

 he desires to be, not that in which he is. His more important contri- 

 butions to [esthetics are an ' Outline of a History of the Fine Art* ;' 

 ' Lecture) on the Philosophy of the Fine Arts ;' and ' The Eloquence 

 of the Ancient* and Moderns compared.' His general views were in 

 favour of the " romantic" as distinguished from the " classical" school 

 in literature, but his own style of composition was of a neat, correct, 

 and classical character. His reputation appears to be rather on the 

 rise than the wane in Sweden. 



HOLBACH. PAUL THYRY, BARON D', was born in 1723 at 

 Heideaheim, in the Palatinate, of a wealthy family. He spent the 

 greater part of hia life in Paris, where he became the friend and patron 

 of many of the men of learning about Paris, especially of those who 

 contributed to the first Kncyclopedie. [DIDEROT.] Holbach was 

 himself a great admirer and disciple of Didrrot The baron was 

 fond of conviviality, and ho gave good dinners ; for nearly forty years 

 he assembled round hia table every Sunday a coterie of literary men, 

 including at one time Diderot, Rousseau, Marmontel, Galiani, Grimm, 

 Damilaville, Morellct, Helvetius, and others. This coterie hod at first 

 assembled at Madame Geoffrin's; but that lady not proving bold 

 enough in her way of thinking, they transferred their meetings to the 

 house of the Baron D'Holbach, who was a freethinker of the freest 

 kind, and with whom they had no reason for disguising their opinions. 

 Much information concerning these parties U given in the memoir* 

 of the Abbd Morcllet, of Madame D'Epinay, in Grimm's ' Correspond- 

 ence,' and lastly, in a curious though not very impartial work of Madame 

 de Genlis, styled ' Leu Diners du Barou D'Holbach, dans leequels Be 

 trouveut assembles, sous leurs noms, uue partie des Gens de la Com- 

 et des Litterateurs les plus remarquables du 18 Siccle.' D'Holbach 

 was acquainted to a certain extent with the physical sciences, especially 

 chemistry and metallurgy, and he translated into French several useful 

 German works on those subjects : he also contributed many articles to 

 the ' Encyclopedic.' He wrote, either wholly or iu part, several philo- 

 sophical works, which were published iu Holland under fictitious 

 names, and of which those which made most noise at tbc time are 

 1. ' Le Syutome de la Nature,' a system of pure materialism, and which 

 Voltaire characterised aa absurd as to physics, illogically written, and 

 abominable as to ethics. Frederick 11. undertook to refute it ; but 

 the best refutation of it is that of Bcrgier, in the ' Exauiou du Ma- 

 tc'rialisuie.' 2. ' Morale Uuiverselle, ou Devoirs de I'Houune foiidvs 

 sur la Nature,' 3 vols. Svo, Amsterdam, 1776. This work is much 

 better written than the preceding, the precepts are generally good, ami 

 the tone is calm, rational, and tolerant. 3. ' Le Christianisme DevoileY 

 attributed by some to Damilaville ; and other works against re. 

 religion, which are now mostly forgotten. D'Holbach died at Paris iu 

 1789. He seems to have been a man of very moderate talents, rather 

 credulous, though a sceptic, of a generous disposition, and a pleasing 

 host and table companion. 



HOLBEIN, JOHN, or HANS, is considered by the Germans to be 

 their beat painter next to Albert Diirer, whom he however excelled in 

 portraits. He painted equally well in oil, water-colours, and distemper, 

 on a large scale and in miniature, and was besides well skilled iu 

 architecture. It is rather remarkable that neither the date nor even 

 the place of his birth has been precisely ascertained. Some accounts 

 say that ho was born iu 1498, others in 1495: the place of hut birth 

 has usually been supposed to have been either Augsburg or ! 

 but from recent researches it would ap|war to have been Urunstadt, 

 formerly the residence of the counts of Leiniugcn-Westerburg. Ho 

 was instructed in the art of painting by his father, whom bo soon 

 excelled. Accompanying his father to Basel, he became acquainted 

 with Erasmus, who was residing there iu order to superintend the 

 printing of his works. Holbeiu painted several portraits of Erasmus, 

 who gave him a letter of recommendation to Sir Thomas More, and 

 he went to England iu 1526. Sir Thomas took him into his house, 

 and after having employed him for three years, invited King 

 Henry VIII. to see the pictures which Holbein had painted for him. 

 The king was so dflight<;d with tln-m, that lu^ imme.iiatuly took Hol- 

 bein into his service, and gave him ample employment, for which ho 

 recompensed him with royal munificence. The favour of the king and 

 bis own extraordinary merit concurred to bring him into vogue ; so 

 that notwithstanding his indefatigable diligence and rapid execution, 

 lie w*Ji so fully engaged in painting portraits of the nobility and eminent 



