471 



BOVOBTO8 I. 



HOOD, VISCOUNT. 



r; 



imperial arrni**. Hoooriu fixed hi. reaidenoe at Milan. 

 jtn after, SUlicho WM th real sovereign of the West; and be lo 

 endeavoured to extend hu sway over UM territories of Arcadius in the 

 East, under pretence of defending them against the Goths. He gave 

 hu daughter Maria in marriage to Hononu, and recovered the pro- 

 Tine* of Africa, which had rorolted. About the year 400 the Oothi 

 and the Hunt, under Alarie and Radagaiatu, invaded Italy, but were 

 repelled by Stilicho. In the year 402 Alarie came again into Italy, 

 and ipread alarm u far tu Rome, when Stilicho haitily collected an 

 army, with which he met Alario at Pollentia, on the banks of the 

 Tanaro, completely defeated him, and obliged him to recroea the Noric 

 Alps. After thia rictory Honoriua repaired to Borne with Stilicho, 

 wh< r.- they were both received with great applauae. On that occasion 

 Honoriiu aboliihcd by a decree the fighte of gladiaton, and he alao 

 forbade, under penalty of death, all sacrifice* and offering* to the 

 pagan gods, and ordered their statuei to be destroyed. In the year 

 404 Honorius left Rome for Ravenna, where be established his court, 

 making it the scat of the empire, like another Rome, in consequence 

 of which the province in which Ravenna is situated assumed the name 

 of Romania, Romaniola, and afterwards Romogna, which it retains to 

 this day. In the following year Radagaisns again invaded Italy with 

 a large force of barbarians, but he was completely defeated and put to 

 death by Stilicho, in the mountains neir Fesulie, in Etruria. In the 

 next year the Vandals, the Alani, the Alcmauni, and other barbarians 

 crossed the Rhine, and invaded Qaul. A soldier named Constantino 

 revolted in Britain, usurped the imperial power, and, having passed 

 over into Gaul, established bis dominion over part of that country, and 

 was acknowledged by Honorius as his colleague, with the title of 

 Augustus. Stilicho now began to be suspected of having an under- 

 standing with the barbarians, and especially with Alarie, and Honorius 

 gavo an order for his death, which was executed at Ravenna in August 

 of the year 408. [STILICUO.] His death however was fatal to the 

 empire, of which he was the only remaining support Alarie again 

 invaded Italy, besieged Rome, and at last took it, and proclaimed the 

 prefect Attalus emperor. Honorius meantime remained inactive and 

 shut up within Ravenna. [ALARIO.] The continued indecision and 

 had faith of Honorius, or rather of his favourites, brought Alarie again 

 before Home, which was this time plundered, in 410. After Alario's 

 death his son Ataulphus married Placidia, sister of Honoring, and took 

 possession of Spain. The rest of the reign of Honorius was a succession 

 of calamities. The Empire of the West was now falling to pieces on 

 every aide, and in tho midst of the universal ruin Houorius died of the 

 dropsy at Ravenna, in August 423, leaving no issue. 



Britub Museum. 



Coin of Honoritu. 

 Actual site. Gold. 



Weight 65J grains. 



HONO'RIUS I., a native of Campania, succeeded Boniface V. aa 

 Buhop of Rome in 626, with the sanction of the Imperial Exarch of 

 Ravenna. In 627 he sent tho pallium to the archbishops of York and 

 Canterbury, but he found great opposition among the Welsh clergy, 

 who resitted tho metropolitan authority assumed by these newly- 

 appointed prelates, and the supremacy claimed by the bishops of 

 Rome. Those members of tho moro ancient British Church differed 

 alao fr<>m Rome in their manner of computing Easter. Honorius held 

 a correspondence with Sergius, patriarch of Constantinople, who 

 favoured the doctrine of the Monothelites concerning tho singleness of 

 the will in Jesus Christ. [KuTTCiiES.] Two letters of Honorius to 

 Sergius, which are preserved, contain passages apparently in favour of 

 Monothelism, at the same time recommending not to dwell too much 

 upon thorn subtle distinction*, for fear of creating scandal and schism. 

 In the sixth Council of Constantinople the doctrine of Honorius on 

 this subject wan condemned as heretical. Bartoli, in his ' Apologia 

 pro Honorio,' Baronius and others, have undertaken to refute the 

 charge of Monothelism brought against Honoriua. Fabricius, in his 

 ' UibUothrca Onoca,' gives an accurate account of those who have 

 treated of the history of Monothelism. Honorius died in 633, and was 

 succeeded by Severinus. 



HuXO'RIUS II., CARDINAL LAKBERTO, Bishop of Ostia, was elected 

 pope by the cardinal* in 1 124, after the death of Calixtus 1 1., while most 

 of the bishops assembled at Rome elected Tcbaldus, cardinal of Santa 

 Anastaaia. Honoriua was supported by the powerful family of tho 

 Frangipani; and the people being divided in opinion, Tebaldus, bo 

 avoid further strife, waived his claim, and Honorius himself is said to 

 have expressed doubt* concerning the validity of bin own election 

 uutil it was confirmed by the clergy and tho people of Rome, which 

 was consequently done. He refused the investiture of the duchies of 

 Apulia and Calabria to Roger, count of Sicily; and Roger having 

 besieged the pope within Benevento, Honorius excommunicated him ; 

 but afterwards peace was concluded between them, and Honorius 



granted the investiture. He also confirmed the election of Lothnriu* 

 as king of Italy, and excommunicated his rival Conrad. Honorius 

 died at Ostia in 11 SO. His death was followed by a schism between 

 two rival candidate*, Anaoletos and Innocent II. 



HONO'RI US IIL,CARDnuLCENCioSAVCLLi, succeed edlnnoeontlll. 

 in 1216. He employed himself zealously, but with no great success, 

 in restoring peace among the Italian cities, which, having become inde- 

 pendent of the German empire since the peace of Constance, seemed 

 to have no other notion of enjoying their independence but by waging 

 war against one another. Another object of the pope's efforts wo* that 

 of persuading the Christian princes, and especially Frederick II., to 

 undertake a great crusade against the Huuulmans in the East. 

 Frederick promised everything, in order to be crowned, which cere- 

 mony was performed by the pope at Rome on the 22nd of November 

 1220; but afterwards Frederick, instead of proceeding to Palestine, 

 tarried in Apulia and Sicily, in order to reduce thoee countries to 

 complete submission. Honorius was meantime frequently at variance 

 with the nobles and people of Rome, who drove him repeatedly from 

 that city. After ten yean of a very troubled pontificate, Houoriua 

 died in March 1'227, and was succeeded by Gregory IX. 



HONO'RIUS IV., CARDINAL GUCOMO SAVKLLI, succeeded Martin IV 

 in 12S5. He showed great zeal for the cause of Charles of Anjou 

 against tha Aragonese, who had occupied Sicily ; and he even preached 

 a crusade against the Utter, qualifying it as a ' holy war.' The 

 Aragonese however stood firm, and defeated the French on several 

 occasions. Honoriua died in April 1287 : he is said to have contrive'!, 

 during his short pontificate, to enrich his family considerably. Ho 

 was succeeded by Nicholas IV. 



HONTHORST or HUNDHORST, GERHARD, called by the Italians 

 GBEBARDO DALLE Norn, from his night and candle pieces, was born 

 at Utrecht in 1592. He was the pupil of A. Bloemart, studied some 

 time in Rome, and was engaged for six months by Charles I. in 

 England. He painted Charles's sister, the Queen of Bohemia: the 

 portrait is now at Hampton Court. There are also at Hampton Court 

 James II., when young; the Duke of Buckingham and family; 

 and a large painting, on the queen's staircase, of Charles I. and his 

 queen, as Apollo and Diana, sitting in the clouds, and the Duke of 

 Huckiugham below, as Mercury, introducing the Arts and Sciences to 

 them, while tevernl genii aro driving away Envy and Malice. For 

 these paintings Honthorst received 300u florins, a service of plate 

 complete for twelve persons, and a beautful hone. Honthorst was 

 the favourite painter of the Queen of Bohemia, and he was the court 

 painter to the Prince of Orange. He died at the Hague in 1660. He 

 had a remarkable number of scholars, especially among the highest 

 classes. Sandrart also was one of his pupils. His style of execution 

 bears a certain resemblance to that of Guercino : his pictures occur 

 frequently in European galleries. (Sandrart, Ttutschc Academic, <kc. ; 

 Walpole, Anecdotes of Painting, <tc.) 



HOOD, ROBIN. [ROBIN HOOD.] 



HOOD, SAMUEL, VISCOUNT, was born December 12th 1724 at 

 Butley in Somersetshire, of which parish his father was the incumbent. 

 He was brought up to the navy, and after passing with credit through 

 the inferior ranks of the service, was appointed in 1757 to command 

 the Antelope, 50 guns, in which he took a French 50 gun ship. In 

 1759, in the Vestal, 32 guns, he was again successful in capturing the 

 Bellona, a French frigate of equal force. He served in the M.-.lit. r 

 ronean, under Sir Charles Saunders, till the end of the war in 17t!3, 

 and was appointed to command on the Boston station in 176S. In 

 1778 his services were rewarded with a baronetcy. In 1780 he was 

 promoted to the rank of rear-admiral, and sailed with a squadron to 

 the West Indies to join Sir George Rodney. Though only second in 

 command, Hood found several opportunities to display his talents. 

 On the 28th of April 1781 he encountered a superior French fleet 

 under the Coiute lie Grasse, who, having the advantage of the wind, 

 homed tho English admiral's attempts to bring him to a close and 

 decisive engagement. By Rodney's departure to England at tl. 

 of July, Hood succeeded to the command of the fleet. The events 

 of the war called him almost immediately to America. He fought 

 another indecisive action with De Grasse off the mouth of the Chesa- 

 peake, but was unable to prevent the blockade of that bay, and the 

 consequent surrender of the British army. [CORNWALLI&] In January 

 1782 the French invaded the island of St. Christopher. Hood hastened 

 to relieve it ; and having induced Do Grasse, who l.iy in the road of 

 Baase-Turro with a considerably superior fleet, to sail out and offer 

 battle, January 25th, he quietly slipped into the vacant anchorage, and 

 maintained his position against repeated efforts to dislodge him ; but 

 be was unable to prevent the surrender of the island, which took place 

 on the 13th of February, and on the same night he stood out to sea. 

 It was his desire to preserve his fleet uninjured until Rodney, who 

 was daily expected, should arrive with reinforcements, rather than 

 encounter a premature action with a superior enemy; and so well 

 was tho manoeuvre executed, that he passed undiscovered within five 

 miles of the enemy. His conduct in the whole of this affair baa been 

 warmly applauded by naval critics. For the following transactions 

 see RODNEY. The brunt of the action of the Uth of April fell on the 

 van division, which Hood commanded : his own ship, the Barfleur, had 

 at one time seven, and generally three, antagonist*. On the great day 

 of the 12th his conduct wan equally distinguished. For these services 



