HOPE, THOMAS. 



HOPITAL, MICHEL DE L'. 



be mured by raeh considerations, and exhorted him to compliance 

 Finally the matter was compromised. In 1553 ha received the 

 bishopric of Worcester in eoramendam. " While he wma bihop," 

 Wood asya, " he preached often, Tiiitod his dioceses, kept good hospi- 

 tality for the poorer tort, and was beloved of many. Bat when 

 Queen Mary began to rcigu, in July 1553, he wai pursuiranted up to 

 London In the latter end of August, and committed to the Fleet, 

 where, remaining aome months, he was at length examined several 

 timea, and required to recant his opinion* ; but (landing constant and 

 resolute to them, was condemned to be burnt in January 1555." He 

 stiff- red accordingly on the 9th of February, at Gloucester, bearing 

 his torment*, which were dreadful, with exceeding courage. 11 is 

 work* are numerous, chiefly controversial. (Wood, Atk. O./OH.; Fox, 

 Martyrt; Burnet, Hi*. Re/.; *c.) 



HOPE, THOMAS, a descendant of the wealthy family of the 

 Hopes of Amsterdam, was born about the year 1770. " From an 

 infant," as he himself tells us, " architecture was always my favourite 



amusement No sooner did I become master of myself, which 



unfortunately happened at the early age of eighteen, than disdaining 

 any longer to ride my favourite hobby only in the confinement of a 

 closet, I hastened in quest of food for it in all tho different countries 

 where any could be expected." He remained abroad several years : 

 his passion for architecture inducing him to explore regions that were 

 then considered almost beyond the track of civilisation to study the 

 monuments of Egypt on the banks of the Nile; those of Ionia, 

 Northern Greece, the Peloponnesus, and Sicily ; those of the Tartar 

 and Persian styles in Turkey and Syria ; of the Moorish and Arabian 

 on the coasts of Africa and in Spain ; those of the Etruscan, Lombardic 

 styles, 4c., in Italy ; and finally, those of the Qothic, in France, 

 Germany, Spain, Portugal, and afterwards here at home. 



Eight yean, he tells us, were thus occupied by him with a perse- 

 vering application that would have daunted most professional students, 

 more especially as his researches were attended with many fatigues 

 and privations, and frequently with great risks. Soon after his return 

 to England, he began to apply his studies practically by remodelling 

 and enlarging his mansion in Duchess-street, Portland-place, extending 

 the plan of the original house very considerably by galleries carried 

 round three sides of the court-yard. Of these rooms, which are in 

 continuation of the apartments on the principal floor, the largest one 

 (about 100 f<et by 24) is on the north side, and the others, consisting 

 respectively of a suit of small cabinets filled with Etruscan or Greek 

 fictile vases, on the east tide, and the statue gallery on the west ; and 

 in addition to these, Mr. Hope added several years afterwards (1820] 

 the Flemish Gallery, so called from being entirely occupied by pro- 

 ductions of that school. He thus rendered his house one of tho largest 

 private mansions in the metropolis ; and though he did not bestow on 

 it the slightest beauty of exterior, or even any regard at all to appear- 

 ance, he fitted up and furnished the interior in a style of retineci 

 classical taste that was then a decided novelty in this country. His 

 first publication on ' Household Furniture,' in 1805 (a splendid folio 

 volume, with 60 plates finely engraved in outline, and representing 

 together with views of the rooms the furniture and decorations of his 

 own mansion), created an entire change in taftte, though it also drew 

 down upon him the undeserved ridicule of the ' Edinburgh Review/ 

 which could not resist sneering at the gentleman-upholsterer. 



In 1809 appeared his 'Costume of the Ancients,' which had also 

 gr> at influence in promoting a taste for classical design and study : 

 and in the same year he contributed to a periodical (by J. Landsecr] 

 entitled ' Review of Publications of Art,' an essay on the ' Architecture 

 of Theatres.' Mr. Hope had been the first to discern and patronise 

 the talent of Thorwaldsen, whom he commissioned to execute his 

 ' Jason ' for him in marble ; but he was not always so fortunate as to 

 select worthy objects of patronage, for in one instance he bestowed it 

 where it was altogether unmerited. Some dispute arising between 

 him and a French artist named Dubost, the latter painted and made 

 a public exhibition of a libellous picture professing to be the portraits 

 of Mr. and Mrs. Hope, and announced under the title of ' Beauty anc 

 the Beut* As may be supposed, the atfuir, which occurred in 1S10 

 made a very great noise at the time ; but the exhibition was soon 

 brought to a close in a very summary manner by Mrs. Hope's brother 

 who mutilated the picture by thrusting his stick through the canvas. 

 Dubost brought his action for the injury, but did not succeed in 

 obtaining damages. 



With the exception of a minor work entitled ' Modern Costumes 

 in 1812, Mr. Hope did not publish anything further till 1819, when 

 appeared his ' AuaaUniiu, or Memoirs of a Modern Greek at the clou 

 of the Eighteenth Century,' but as his name was not attached to it, h 

 was so far from being known or even suspected to be the author, tha 

 it was at first confidently attributed by many to Lord Byron, as th 

 only person capable of having produced it. Of his two last works, 

 both of them published posthumously, one of them was even sti 

 more remote from what may be supposed to have been the constan 

 tcnour of his studies, for that ' On the Origin and Prospects of Man 

 was almost the very last subject that would have been expected from hi 

 pen : from furniture to cosmogony the distance is immeasurable 

 Abetrute in its speculations, it was utterly unphilosophical in its 

 matter, snd being considered unorthodox in its opinions, it was after- 

 wards withdrawn from publication ; while bis ' Historical Essay on 



Architect ur>>,' first published in 1S35, on the contrary, became a 

 x>pular work, and passed through three or four editions. Still it is 

 othing more than a mere essay, which touches indeed upon a good 

 eal that is passed over in other treatises on the subject, yet very 

 lightly; snd towards the end it becomes very little more than a series 

 f hasty fragmentary notes. 



Besides the above works, Mr. Hope was author of several minor 

 roductions and pieces of criticism, one of them being a 'Letter to 

 ames Wyatt,' relative to his designs for Downing College, Cambridge, 

 upon which he animadverted very freely, and apparently very justly, 

 mother work if so it may be called of his, was his villa of Deep- 

 ene, in Surrey, which, if he did not entirely build, he very greatly 

 nlarged, and emb. llished both the house and the grounds, which 

 ontain a handsome family mausoleum. Mr. Hope died Feb. 3, 1831. 



HdPITAL. GUILLAUMi: KKANCOIS-ANTOINE L', Marquis de 

 lainte Mesme and Count d'Entremont, commonly known as the 

 larquis de 1'Hopital, was born at Paris, in tho year 1661, and died in 

 704. He entered the army at an early age, and served during several 

 'ears in the capacity of capUin of cavalry ; but the weakness of his 

 ight and his desire to prosecute the study of the mathematics with 

 e*s interruption than was compatible with active service, induced 

 lira to quit a profession in which he might otherwise have followed 

 .he footsteps of his ancestors. Among other anecdotes which are 

 related in attestation of his early acquaintance with the mathematics, 

 t ia said that, at the age of fifteen, happening to be in company with 

 a number of savans at the house of the Duke de Roannez, when great 

 admiration was expressed of a solution which Pascal had recently 

 [iven of a problem relative to tho cycloid, L'Hdpital expressed his 

 jelief that the question was not beyond his own powers, and two days 

 afterwards he supported his pretensions by answering it on different 

 irinciples. The name of the Marquis de L'H6pital is intimately cou- 

 lected with the early history of the differential and integral calculus, 

 tn 1691 no knowledge whatever of the calculus existed in France, and 

 ndeed throughout the Continent it appears to have been known only 

 to Leibnitz, and to the brothers John and James Bernoulli. About 

 this time John Bernoulli arrived at Paris, and spent some time at 

 the residence of L'H&pital for the purpose of giving him instructions 

 in the differential and integral calculus. With such assistance, he was 

 not long in becoming one of the first mathematicians of Europe, and 

 lie soon after distinguished himself by bis solution of the great 

 problem in mechanics relative to the brachystochron, or curve of 

 quickest descent, which Bernoulli had proposed as a challenge to the 

 geometricians of the day, and to which, at the end of ten mouths, 

 only four solutions had been given, by Newton in England, Leibnitz 

 in Germany, James Bernoulli in Switzerland, and L'110|iital ia France. 

 Still however the calculus was regarded as a sort of mystery by most 

 of those mathematicians by whom it was not actually opposed ; and 

 with tho exception of the papers by Leibnitz dispersed in tho Acts of 

 Leipzig, there existed no work from which any information could be 

 obtained. To remedy this defect L'Hfipital wrote and published hU 

 ' Analyse dea Infiniment-Petits,' which appeared in 1696, Paris, 4to. 

 " The appearance of this work," says M. Boucharlat, " marked the 

 epoch of a great revolution in science. Mathematicians hastened to 

 initiate themselves into the wonders of the infinitesimal calculus, and 

 doubts concerning its truth were advanced only by those who were 

 blinded by their prejudices in favour of ancient methods." L'Hopital 

 has been accused by Montucla (' Histoire dcs Math.,' vol. U. p. 397) 

 of not having sufficiently acknowledged his obligations to John 

 Bernoulli, from whom he is said to have derived the principal methods 

 that are given in the work just mentioned; but M. Boucharlat ia of a 

 different opinion. The work itself has gone through several editions, 

 of which the latest, we believe, is that edited by Lefevre, in 1781. 

 At his death in 1704, when only forty-three years of age, L'H6pital 

 left an ' Analytical Treatise on Conic Sections,' which was publinhed 

 in 4to, the following year, and was for a long time considered the 

 best treatise on the subject (A memoir of the family of HKHNOOI.I.I, 

 omitted accidentally in its proper order, will be given witkt other sup- 

 plementary notices.) 



llol'ITA'L, or HOSPITA'L, MICHEL DE L', born in 1505, near 

 Aigueperse in Auvergne, was the son of Jeau de 1'Hopital, physician 

 to the Conndtable de Bourbon, of whom he held a small estate, \\hil.- 

 L'HOpital was studying law at Toulouse, his father was involved in 

 the proscription of the Conne'table, whom he accompanied to Italy ; 

 he was condemned to perpetual banishment, and his property was 

 confiscated. His son, although only eighteen years of age, was 

 arrested, examined, and kept for a short time in confinement On 

 being released, he went to Milan to join bis father, who sent him to 

 Padua to finish his studies. L'Hopital remained in that celebrated 

 university six years, during which the Conne'table de Bourbon lost 

 his life under the walls of Rome, and Jean de L'Hopital found himself 

 without a protector in a foreign land. He however took his son to 

 Rome to see the coronation of Charles V., and it was in that city that 

 the Cardinal de Grammont, the French ambassador, became interested 

 in favour of the young man, and induced him to return to France, 

 where he began to practise at the bar of the parliament of Paris. 

 His merit, added to his having married the daughter of the lieutenarit- 

 criminol Morin, procured for him a seat on the bench of the coun- 

 t ellors of the parliament, where, by his assiduity, his learning, and his 



