417 



HOPPNKB, JOHN, RA. 



HORATIUS FLACCUS, QUINTU& 



St Asaph, for Lord IHnorben ; one at Amesbury Park, near Salisbury , 

 Danbury Palace, Essex; Qatton House, Surrey; \Vyvanhoe Park 

 LUnorer Court, Monmouthshire, for Sir Benjamin Hall ; Stanstoc 

 Park, near Havant, HauU ; llargaui, in South Walei; Alton Towers, 

 Staffordshire ; Rood Aahton, near Trowbridge ; and mauy others ol 

 the lame rlasi the works which were of the nature of alteration! 

 generally involving complete remodelling of the structure and of it* 

 architectural character. He attempted several different styles the 

 baronial castellated, then in favour, being of course amongst the 

 number. Penrhyn Castle is perhaps the best exemplification of the 

 latter kind of taste, and is indeed in many respects impressive in effect, 

 and may be regarded as Hopper's best work. A vast amount was 

 expended on it He designed a baronial castle for the Duke of Atholl 

 at Dunkeld hi Scotland, which if completed would have rivalled 

 Windsor Castle in extent, though the building never got beyond the 

 foundations. He erected several prison*, amongst them the Essex 

 County Gaol, to which afterwards he made alterations costing 40,0001. 

 on its conversion for the cellular system. In London he was the 

 architect of Arthur's Club-house in St. James's Street, the Legal and 

 General Life Insurance Office in Fleet Street, and the Atlas Fire Office 

 in Cheapside. His general manner for such buildings was derived 

 from the clan of edifices to which the Banqueting House, Whitehall, 

 belongs. His last work, St Mary's Hospital, Paddington, which is 

 inferior in character, was designed and superintended by him gratu- 

 itously ; but in it he met with much vexation and legal expense. He 

 was for many yean the county surveyor of Essex, and surveyor to the 

 Atlas Fire Office. He was a competitor for the General Post Office in 

 St. Martin's le-Grand, when nearly one hundred designs, by eighty-nine 

 competitors, were submitted. Sir Robert Smirke, who had not been 

 a competitor, was ultimately engaged to erect the building ; and Mr. 

 Hopper contended that his design had been used, with the omission of 

 some columns and of a few other features ; and this, in a letter to 

 Lord Melbourne in 1839, ' On the Building of the Royal Exchange,' he 

 showed, by the aid of plans and elevations, might have been the case. 

 He was also a competitor for the new houses of parliament, and pub- 

 lished his designs in folio at some expense. Amongst many designs 

 which he has left, arc one for an alteration of the National Gallery, and 

 another for a column of Victory to be erected in India with cannon 

 placed in successive tiers, from the base upwards, of the shaft. 



Although not possessing those high qualifications in art and science 

 which the architect now strives to bring to his profession, Hopper's 

 life is not the less an important one in the later history of architecture. 

 He lived to enter the eighty-first or eighty-second year of his age, dying 

 on the llth of August 1856 at his cottage, which had been built by 

 him, at Bayswater HilL In life, he possessed a frame which could 

 support almost any amount of fatigue, and although he was con- 

 temporary with the ion riranti of the Georgian era, he never drank 

 anything bnt water. He practised athletic exercises with Jackson the 

 boxer, and was active in command of a company of the volunteers. 

 His features and form have been exactly given by Mr. J. Ternouth, 

 the sculptor, in the relievo on the eastern compartment of the Nelson 

 Column, to the sailor who is supporting a wounded boy. He was 

 always connected with the leading personages of his day, and this cir- 

 cumstance afforded him inexhaustible anecdotes. The Prince Regent 

 would have conferred on him the honour of knighthood, but this he 

 declined, as well as offers from Alexander L, emperor of Russia and 

 the Duchess of Oldenburg, for him to settle at St. Petersburg. The 

 obituary notice in the ' Builder' (vol. xiv., p. 481) the facts of which 

 are apparently, like those above, derived from family sources calls 

 him "a man of mark and power," a conclusion which may help to 

 justify the position which we have given to his name. 



HOPPNER, JOHN, R.A., was born in London in 1769. "There 

 is a mystery," says Cunningham (who however, it must be remembered, 

 delighted in a bit of scandal), " about his birth, which no one has 

 ventured to explain : all that is known with certainty is, that his 

 mother was one of the German attendants at the Royal Palace." 

 When young he was one of the choristers in the Chapel Royal He 

 studied afterwards in the Royal Academy of Arts ; and before he was 

 thirty years of age he had, owing to the active patronage of the Prince 

 * Wales, painted more royal and noble portraits than usually falls to 

 the lot of distinguished portrait-painters during the whole of a lomr 

 life. Hoppner soon distanced Opie and Owen in fashionable favour, 

 and for eighteen years Lawrence was his only rival: Lawrence wai 

 patronised by the king, while the prince and his party patronised 

 Hoppner. Hoppner'. style is easy and effective, but gaudy ; his heads 

 have frequently much character, and are well modelled, though 

 perhaps the opposite case occurs more frequently, especially in his male 

 B m 8k11 iD ' of 



* <e o 



dropsy in IS His son was for some years British consul at Venice. 



the exhibition of works of -deceased Briti,h artists,' t the 

 Lntish Institution in 1817, there were seven portraits by Hoppner, 

 including bis own, a very spirited work, which he presented to the 

 Koyal Academy in 1809, upon his election as a member of that body 



*,? n }\ J^ " W " in the e * hibi n ' the same institution! 

 20, of Portrait. represenUng distinguished Arsons in the history 

 and literature of the United Kingdom : P it is however a less manlV 



J"H ^h ISO?" P ^ iud by Lflmuel Abbot> which WM en raTed b * 



HORAPOLLO, or HORUS APOLLO, the author of a treatise on 

 Egyptian Hieroglyphics. Several writers of this name are mentioned 

 by Suidas, Stephanas of Byzantium under Pheuebethis, Photius (p. 686, 

 ed. Bekker), and Eustathius (Horn., Od. A); but it is doubtful to 

 which of them the treatise on Egyptian Hieroglyphics should be 

 ascribed. According to the inscription, which is fouud in most manu- 

 scripts, the work was originally written in the Egyptian language, and 

 translated into Greek by Philip. Horus was the name of one of the 

 Egyptian deities, who was considered by the Greeks to be the same 

 as Apollo. (Herod., ii 144-156.) We learn from Lucian (' Pro Imag.,' 

 sec. 27) that the Egyptians were frequently called by the names of 

 their gods. But whatever opinion we may form respecting the author, 

 it is evident that the work could not have been written before the 

 Christian era, since it contains allusions to the philosophical tenets of 

 the Gnostics. The value of this work in interpreting existing hiero- 

 glyphics has been differently estimated. Champollion, Leemann, and 

 other recent scholars are disposed to attribute greater importance to 

 it than former critics had been willing to allow. 



This work was printed for the first time by Aldus (Venice, 1506), 

 with the Fables of .Esop. The best editions are by Mercer, 1551 

 Hceschelius, 1595; De Pauw, 1727; and Leemans, Amst., 1834, who 

 has discussed in his Introduction the date and authorship of the work ; 

 see also Bunsen's ' Aegyptens Stelle in der Weltgesh,' vot L 



HORATIUS FLACCUS, QUINTUS, was born at Veuusia, or 

 Venusium, December 8, B.C. 65, during the consulship of L. Aurelius 

 Cotta and L. Manlius Torquatus (' Carm.,' iii. 21, 1 ;' Epod.,' xiii. 6). 

 His father, who was a 'libertiuus, or freeduian, had gained consider- 

 able property as a ' coactor,' or servant of the money-brokers (1 ' Sat.,' 

 vi 6, 86), with which he purchased a farm in the neighbourhood of 

 Vcnusia, on the banks of the Aufidus. In this place Horatius appears 

 to have lived till his eleventh or twelfth year, when his father, dis- 

 satisfied with the country school of Flavins (1 'Sat,' vi 72), removed 

 with his sou to Rome, where he was placed under the care of a cele- 

 brated schoolmaster, Orbilius Pupillus, of Beneventum, whose life has 

 been written by Suetonius (' De Illustr. Gratnm.,' c. U). After study- 

 ing the ancient Latin poets (2 ' Ep.,' i 70, 71), Horatius learned the 

 Greek lauguage (2 ' Ep.,' ii. 41, 42). He also enjoyed during the course 

 of his education the advice and assistance of his father, who appears 

 to have been a sensible man, and who is frequently mentioned by his 

 sou with the greatest esteem and respect (1 ' Sat.,' iv. 105-121 ; vi. 76- 

 89). It is probable that soon after he had assumed the toga virilis, at 

 the age of about seventeen, he went to Athens to pursue his studies 

 (2 ' Ep.,' ii. 43-45), where he appears to have remained till the breaking 

 out of the civil war during the second triumvirate. In this contest ho 

 joined the army of Brutus, was promoted to the rank of a military 

 tribune (1 'Sat.,' vL 48), and was present at the battle of Philippi, 

 B.C. 42 (' Carm.,' ii 7, 9). Though the life of Horatius was spared, 

 his paternal property at Vcnusia was confiscated (2 ' Ep.,' ii. 49-51), and 

 ho repaired to Rome with the hope of obtaining a living by hia literary 

 exertions. Some of hia poems attracted the notice of Virgil and 

 Varius, who introduced him to Maocenas, whose liberality quickly 

 relieved the poet from all pecuniary difficulties. (1 'Sat,' vi. 51-02 

 'Epod.,' i 31, 32 ; 'Carm.,' ii 18, 11-14 ; iii 16, 37-3S.) 



We are informed by Suetonius, in his life of Horatius, that he 

 purchased a place as clerk iu the treasury. From his introduction 

 to Maecenas till the time of his death Horatius appears to have en- 

 joyed exemption from all cares : he was intimate with Virgil, Tibullus, 

 and other distinguished literary men in Rome, and was a great favourite 

 of his patron Maecenas and also of Augustus. He resided principally 

 at Rome, or at his country-house in the Sabine Valley, which had been 

 given him by Maecenas. He also had in the latter part of his life 

 mother country residence at Tibur, or, as it is now called, Tivoli 

 The fact of his having a house at the last place, though denied by 

 some critics, is abundantly established by many passages in his works. 

 ('Carm.,'i 7, 10-14; ii. 6, 6-8 ; iii 4, 21-24; iv. 3,10-12; 1 ' Ep.,' vii. 

 44, 45 ; viii 1, 2.) Horatius died on the 27th of November, B.C. 8, 

 when he had nearly completed his fifty-eighth year. 



Many critics have maintained that each ode, each satire, &c., was 

 published separately by Horatius; but Bcntley, in the Preface to his 

 edition of the poet's works, argues from the words of Suetonius, the 

 practice of other Latin poets, and the expressions of Horatius himself 

 ; Carm.,' i. 1 ; ii. 20; iii. 80; 'Epod.,' xiv. 7; 1'Sat.,' x. 92; ii. 1 ; 

 ' Ep.,' i. 1 ; L 20), that his works were originally published iu books 

 n the order iu which they now appear. Ho maintains that the first 

 book of the ' Satires ' was composed B.C. 4038 ; the second book 

 B.c. 3583 ; the ' Epodes ' B.C. 3231 ; the first book of Odes ' B.C. 

 JO 28 ; the second book B.C. 2625 ; the third book B.C. 2423 ; 

 the first book of ' Epistles' B.C. 20 19; the ' Carmen Saculare ' aud 

 the fourth book of 'Odes' u.c. 1715 ; the second book of ' Epistles,' 

 md the Epistle to the Pisos, called 'Do Arte Poetica,' were written 

 sst, but at what period is uncertain. The works of Horatius have 

 jeen printed in this order by Mr. Tate, under the title of ' Horatiua 

 teatitutus, or the Books of Horace arranged in chronological order,' 

 2amb., 1832, 2nd edit , 1837, with a preliminary dissertation, in which 

 le brings forward many reasons for adopting the order of Bentley. 



The poetry of Horace is differently estimated according to the taste 

 of each individual In our opinion the Satires and Epistles, which 

 are familiar moral discourses, and arc hardly worthy of the name of 



