493 



HORSLEY, JOHN CALLCOTT, A.R.A. 



HOSEA. 



by the foolish statement of Martin, 'in his ' Biographia Philosophies,' 

 that Newton made Horrocks's theory the "groundwork of all his 

 astronomy." This palpable misconception was copied by Dr. Button 

 into his ' Mathematical Dictionary.' 



The account given by Horrocka of his observation of Venus, Novem- 

 ber 24, 1639, entitled ' Venus in Sole visa,' was printed by Hevelius 

 at the end of his ' Mercurius in Sole visus," published at Danzig in 

 1662. The remainder of the works of Horrocks were published by 

 Dr. Wallii", London, 1672, some copies bearing the title-page ' Opera 

 Posthuma," and others ' Opuscula Astronomica." The lunar theory of 

 Horrocks was there developed by Flamsteed, but Wallis afterwards 

 added the original letter to Crabtree, in which it was contained, but 

 only to some copies, which therefore exhibit certain pages (pp. 465-470) 

 twice over. Lalande states that he had a copy with a third title-page, 

 dated 1678, and containing some additional tracts of Wallis. This 

 publication contains various astronomical tracts, with extracts from 

 the letters of Horrocks to Crabtree. 



The death of Horrocks took place January 3, 1641 (old style). 

 Costard (' Hist. Astron.') calls him a young clergyman, but we cannot 

 find that he was in orders. In the ' Companion to the Almanac ' for 

 1837 will be found a list of the astronomical works in his possession, 

 taken from a list written by himself at the end of his copy of Lausberg's 

 ' Tabulse Perpetuae,' which was preserved by his friend Townley. The 

 spelling of his name is taken from his own handwriting in this work. 



2. WILLIAM CRABTBEE, who died a few months after his friend 

 Horrocks, at a very early age, was a clothier at Broughton near Man- 

 chester, and many of his observations were printed by Wallis in the 

 work above cited, and afterwards in the discussion about Gascoygne, 

 presently to be mentioned. 



3. WILLIAM MILBOUHN, curate at Braneespeth near Durham, was, 

 according to Sherburne, well versed in algebra, having extracted the 

 approximate root of an equation of the fifth degree before he had seen 

 Hariott's work. In astronomy he had, by his own observations, 

 detected the errors of Lansberg's tables, and verified those of Kepler. 

 His observations were destroyed by the Scots in the year 1639, and 

 some tables which he had sent to London for publication, were, in 

 1675, in the hands of Sir Jonas Moore. 



4. WILLIAM OASCOYQNE, of Mid die ton in Yorkshire, the fourth of 

 these friends, as already mentioned, is noticed under his own name. 

 We may just add to what is there said, that though it appears now to 

 be generally admitted that Gascoygne was the original inventor of the 

 wire micrometer, of its application to the telescope, and of the applica- 

 tion of the telescope to the quadrant ; it is also admitted that the 

 invention was never promulgated, even in England, until the undoubt- 

 edly independent inventions of Auzout and Picard had suggested their 

 publication. 



Sherburne particularly mentions these four, with some others of less 

 note, in consequence of an assertion of Wallis, in his edition of Horrocks, 

 that there were very few of that day in the north of England who 

 cultivated the sciences. Among the lesser stars wag JEREMIAH SHAC- 

 KERLEY, whose 'Tabulse Britannica;,' published at London in 1653, 

 were compiled mostly from papers of Horrocks, which were afterwards 

 destroyed in the great fire of London. The rest of Horrocks's papers 

 were rescued by Dr. John Worthington, afterwards rector of Hackney, 

 from Crabtree's representatives. 



HORSLEY, JOHN CALLCOTT, A.R.A., was born in London in 

 January 1817. Trained to art from childhood, Horsley became a contri- 

 butor to the various pictorial exhibitions while quite a youth ; but the 

 works which first attracted notice, beyond his own friendly circle, were 

 the 'Contrast' and 'Leaving the Ball,' exhibited at the Royal Academy 

 in 1810, and belonging to a sentimental style at that time much in 

 vogue. Other works similar in style engaged the young artist's pencil, 

 till the proposals put forth by the Commission of the Fine Arts, in 

 connection with the decoration of the new houses of parliament, 

 incited him to a bolder flight. At the Cartoon Competition of 1843 

 Mr. Horsley, by his cartoon of ' St. Augustine Preaching,' secured one 

 of the three second-class prizes of 2001. ; and in the succeeding Fresco 

 Competition he was one of the six artists who obtained commissions 

 to prepare designs for executing in the House of Lords. The subject 

 assigned to him was the 'Spirit of Religion,' and his design being 

 approved, he painted it in fresco in one of the arches over the 

 Strangers' Gallery in the .peers' chamber. He has since painted 

 another fresco in the Poets' Hall, 'Satan surprised, at the ear of Eve.' 

 Mr. Henley's principal cabinet pictures, painted since the completion 

 of his frescoes, have been 'Malvolio i' the Sun,' exhibited at the 

 Royal Academy in 1849; ' Hospitality the Mote at Ightham,' 1850; 

 ' L' Allegro and II Penseroso,' painted fur Prince Albert, and ' Youth 

 and Age,' 1851 ; ' Matter Slender ' and the ' Madrigal,' 1852 ; ' Lady 

 Jane Grey and Roger Ascham,' 1853; 'Scene from Don Quixote,' 1855 

 the most original and masterly of the genre pictures Mr. Horsley 

 has yet painted ; and the ' Administration of the Lord's Supper,' 1356. 

 Mr. Hordey was elected an associate of the Royal Acarlemy in 1855. 



HORSLKY, SAMUEL, a distinguished prelate of the English Church, 

 successively Bishop of St. David's, Rochester, and St. Asaph, was born 

 in 1733. He was the son of John Horsley (whose father was originally 

 a Nonconformist), who was for many years the clerk in orders at St. 

 Martin's-in-the-Fields, and who held two rectories, Thorley in Hert- 

 fordshire, and Newington Butts in Surrey. The bishop was educated 



at Westminster School, whence he passed to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 

 and had the rectory of Newington, which his father resigned to him 

 soon after he had taken orders in 1759. 



His more public career he may be said to have commenced in 1767, 

 when he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, to which body he 

 became the secretary in 1 773. His earliest publications were certain, 

 small tracts on scientific subjects, but in 1776 he projected a complete 

 and uniform edition of the philosophical works of Sir Isaac Newton. 

 This design was not accomplished till 1784, when the fifth and last of 

 the five quarto volumes made its appearance. 



In the earlier years of his public life he found patrons in the Earl 

 of Aylesford, and in Lowth, bishop of London ; but we pass over, as 

 uninteresting and unimportant, the presentations to his various livings, 

 and the dispensations which the number of his minor preferments 

 rendered necessary. In 1781 he was appointed Archdeacon of St. 

 Albans. It was a little before the date last named that he first 

 appeared in the field of theological controversy, in which he soon 

 snowed himself a very powerful combatant powerful from the great 

 extent of hia knowledge and from the vigour of his intellect. The 

 person against whom he chiefly directed his attack was Dr. Joseph 

 Priestley, who in a series of publications defended with great subtilty 

 and skill the doctrines of philosophical necessity, materialism, and 

 Unitarianism. Dr. Horsley began his attack in 1773 on the question, 

 of ' Man's Free Agency ;' it was continued in a ' Charge' delivered in 

 1783 to the clergy of his archdeaconry, in which he animadverts on 

 many parts of Dr. Priestley's ' History of the Corruptions of Chris- 

 tianity.' This charge produced a reply from Dr. Priestley, which led 

 to a rejoinder from Dr. Horsley in ' Seventeen Letters to Dr. Priestley,' 

 a work which was regarded by the friends of the Church as a masterly 

 defence of the orthodox faith, and as the secure foundation of a high 

 and lasting theological reputation. 



The tide of preferment now began to flow in upon him. Thurlow, 

 who was then chancellor, presented him with a prebendal stall in the 

 church of Gloucester, observing, as it is said, that " those who defended 

 the Church ought to be supported by the Church ;" and in 1788 he 

 was made bishop of St. David's. In parliament he distinguished 

 himself by the hearty support which he gave to the measures of Pitt's 

 administration, and some of his declarations of political sentiment wero 

 thought by many persons to be as little in accordance with the true 

 spirit of the English constitution as with the spirit of Christianity 

 itself. But in judging on such a point as this the circumstances of the 

 times are to be considered, opinions as strong in another direction being 

 by many persons promulgated, and a disposition manifested by some 

 to act according to them. His political conduct however gained him 

 the favour of the court : in 1793 he was translated to Rochester, and 

 in 1802 to St. Asaph. He died in 1306. 



We have mentioned but a few of his published writings, which are 

 very numerous ; but a complete list may be found in Nichols's 

 ' Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Ceutury.' 



HORTE'NSIUS, QUINTUS, born B.C. 114 of an equestrian Roman 

 family, began to plead at a very early age, and he had already 

 attained a great reputation in his profession when Cicero made his 

 appearance in the Forum. From that time Cicero and Hortensius 

 were considered as professional rivals, but they lived on friendly and 

 even intimate terms with each other, as Cicero acknowledges in several 

 of his writings. At the beginning of his book ' De Claris Oratoribus,' 

 Cicero pays an eloquent and apparently sincere tribute of praise to the 

 memory of Horteusius, who was then lately dead. He styles him his 

 friend and adviser, who often assisted him in their common career, 

 " being not, as many imagined, a rival or detractor of his fame, but a 

 fellow-labourer in a glorious vocation ;" and yet in some of his letters 

 (Epist. iii. of the 1st book 'Ad Quintum Fratrem ') Cicero had bitterly 

 complained of the duplicity and ungenerous conduct of Hortensius 

 towards him when he was obliged to quit Rome in the Clodian business. 

 Hortensius went through the regular career of public offices and 

 honours ; he was made in succession qusestor, jedile, prajtor, and lastly 

 consul, with Q. Cascilius Metellus Creticus, B.C. 69. He appears to have 

 acquired great wealth, which he spent liberally, and yet bequeathed an 

 ample inheritance to his children. His villas at Tusculum, at Bauli, 

 at Laurentum, and other places, are mentioned as splendid. He is 

 charged by Cicero with having used bribery and other means to gain 

 his causes, and to have received presents from his clients. Hortensius 

 died B.C. 50, while Cicero was returning from his government of Cilicia 

 (Epist. vi.of the 6th book 'Ad Atticum;' 'Brutus,' c. 64, 94); and Cicero 

 considers it a continuation of the good fortune which had attended 

 him through life, that he died just before the breaking out of the civil 

 war, and was thus spared the grief of seeing the fall of the republic. 

 The 'Orations' of Hortensius which are mentioned by Cicero and 

 Quintilian are lost, as well as his ' Annals,' and some erotic poems 

 which he is said to have written. Cicero ('Brutus,' c. 92, 95) has 

 given his opinion of the character of Hortensius as an orator. 



HOSEA, one of the twelve minor Hebrew prophets. We possess 

 no particulars respecting the place of his birth, or his history ; but 

 it appears probable that he was a native of Samaria, since his 

 prophecies relate principally to the ten tribes. We learn from the 

 inscription of the book that he was the son of Been, and that he 

 lived " in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of 

 Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joaah, king of Israel." 



