H08IIKA. 



IIOTMAN. FRANCOia 



49 



The nipt of Jeroboam II. luted from B.C. 823 to 783 ; and that of 

 Htaekkh began .c. 726. It i therefor* evident, if this inscription 

 U correct, that Hoeea could only hare entered upon bi prophetical 

 duties in the latter part of the reign of Jerobosm ; which supposition 

 ii alo rendered probable by the tenor of hi* prophecies, whicli 

 describe the kingdom of Israel at in a weak and divided state, and 

 obliged to seek assistance from foreign powers ; wherou in the book 

 of Kings (xir. 25-28) the affairs of the kingdom of Israel are repre- 

 sented as in a very prosperous condition during the reign of Jero- 

 boam II. But the prophecies of Hosea are quite in accordance with. 

 the period of anarchy and foreign invasion which followed the death 

 of Jeroboam II. (2 Kings, xv. zvi.) It is therefore probable that the 

 prophecies of Hosea extended over a period of about sixty years 

 (B.C. 784-724); and that he was contemporary with Isaiah, Micah, and 



Al;...-. 



The principal object of the prophecies of Hosea U to reprove the 

 people of Israel on account of their sins ; and to denounce the divine 

 judgments which awaited them if they continued disobedient. The 

 book may be divided into two parts; in the first of which, the 

 prophet, under the supposed infidelity of his wife, represents the 

 spiritual infidelity of the children of Israel, and foretells the judgment 

 of Ood against them, and at the same time promises that Ood would 

 at some future period receive them again into his favour (c. i.-iii.) In 

 the second part, this symbolical representation is dropped ; and the 

 prophet foretells in express language that the country would be 

 devastated by the Egyptians and Assyrians, and that the people would 

 be carried away into captivity ; and he concludes with an exhortation 

 to* repentance, and a promise that Ood "would heal their backsliding*, 

 would love them freely, and would turn his anger away from them." 

 (a iv.-xiv.) 



" The style of Hosea," Bishop Lowth remarks, "exhibits the appear- 

 ance of very remote antiquity : it is pointed, energetic, and concise. 

 It bears a distinguished mark of poetical composition, in that pristine 

 brevity and condensation which is observable in the sentences, and 

 which later writers have in some measure neglected. This peculiarity 

 has not escaped the observation of Jerome, who remarks that this 

 prophet U altogether laconic and sententious. (' Prof.' in xn. ' Proph.') 

 But this very circumstance, which anciently was supposed to impart 

 uncommon force and elegance, in the present state of Hebrew litera- 

 ture U productive of so much obscurity, that although the general 

 subject of this writer is sufficiently obvious, he is the most difficult 

 and perplexed of all the prophets." (' Prselect.' xxL) Compare also 

 Bishop Henley's* remarks on the style of Uosea, in the preface to his 

 translation of this prophet, (p. xxix-xliv.) 



The canonical authority of the prophecies of Hoaea has never been 

 disputed. They are frequently quoted in the New Testament; 

 compare Hoe. vi. 6, with Matt. ix. 13, xii. 7 ; Hos. x. 8, with Luke xxiii. 

 30 ; Hos. xi. 1, with Matt. ii. 15 ; Hos. i. 10, ii. 23, with Rom. ix. 25, 

 26, and 1 Peter ii. 10; Hos. xiv. 2, with Hebr. xiii. 15. 



(The Introduction* of Eichhorn, Jahn, De Wette, August!, and 

 Home ; Pococke, Commentary on the Prophecy of Jfosea, Uxf., 1635; 

 Kuiuoel, Hottce OractUa, Htbraice et Latine, Leip., 1792; Horsloy, 

 JJotra, trantlattd from the Hebrew, with notes explanatory and critical, 

 London, 1801, 1804; Stuck, lloieai fropheta, Leip., 1823, a useful 

 work.) 



HOSHEA, or HOSEA, King of Israel, was the son of Klah, and 

 apparently not of the regal line. His predecessor was Pekah, who, 

 after having ravaged Judah, then governed by Ahaz, with the assist- 

 ance of Rezin, king of Syria, had seen his own kingdom in return 

 ravaged by Tiglath-Pileser, the protector of Ahaz, who removed many 

 of the inhabitants to Media and Assyria. In the confusion of this 

 period Pekah was slain by Hoshea, who, after six years of anarchy, 

 ascended the throne in B.C. 728. Scripture records that " he did that 

 which was evil in the sight of the Lord, but not as the kings of 

 Israel that were before him." He permitted the announcement of 

 Hezekiah that he had purified the temple to be made throughout his 

 kingdom, and his subjects were allowed to attend the worship of the 

 true Ood at Jerusalem. Shortly after his accession Israel was invaded 

 by the Assyrians under Shalmaneser, the successor of Tiglath-Pileser ; 

 Hoshea was unable to make any effectual resistance, and consented 

 to become tributary. The yoke was however heavy, and he sought 

 to throw it off by the assistance of So, king of Egypt. So, or 

 Sabako, is the Sabakoph, whose name is found on Egyptian monu- 

 ments, and was an Ethiopian who reigned in Egypt Shalmaneser 

 then again invaded Israel, besieged Samaria, and after a siege of three 

 yean took it, when, in the ninth year of his reign, Hoshea and the 

 ten tribes were carried away into Assyria, and placed " in Halab and 

 in Habor by the river of Qozan, and in the cities of the Medea," 

 from which time they have been lost, and there is no statement of the 

 fate of Hoshea; but at Arban, on the Khabour (the Kebar of Ezekiel), 

 which falls into the Euphrates near Carchemish, Mr. Layard found 

 Assyrian sculptures recording the conquest, and Jewish communities 

 existed around its neighbourhood as late as the 12th century. 



HUSKING, WILLIAM, architect and civil engineer, was born at 

 Buckfastleigh, Devon, in 1800, his father being at the time in partner- 

 ship with an elder brother as serge-manufacturers and paper-makers. 

 These manufactures proving unprofitable, in 1808 Mr. Hoskiug's father 

 succeeded in obtaining an appointment in the public service in the 



' then convict colony of New South Wales, to which he at once pro- 

 ! ci-eded with his wife and infant family. The means of education in 

 1 New South Wales were, at that early period, very restricted, and of 

 very low quality ; and when the subject of this notice came to be 

 fourteen or fifteen years of age, his father proposed to send him home 

 to England for his better education. This he resisted, and preferred 

 to be apprenticed to a surveyor and general builder, who had then 

 recently arrived as an emigrant settler, and bad established himself in 

 business at Sydney. The business of the surveyor was of the most 

 general nature, and his apprentice acquired a practical knowledge of 

 almost all the mechanic arts applied in the rougher as well as the 

 smoother operations of the constructor. Mr. Hosking's preliminary 

 professional education was thus of the kind to which Telford in Ms 

 autobiography tells the young engineer he mu*t " desceud " if ho 

 would excel, and which probably gave him that relish for truth in 

 construction which he is known to possess. The family returned to 

 England in 1819, and in 1820 the subject of the present notice was 

 articled for three years to the late Mr. Jenkius of Red Lion-square, 

 London, in whose office he acquired a knowledge of London surveying 

 practice. Having qualified himself by previous studies in the higher 

 branches of his profession, he spent a year in Italy and Sicily previous 

 to establishing himself in London as an architect, in 1825. After 

 this he contributed various articles to the ' New Monthly Magazine,' 

 then edited by Thomas Campbell. In 1829 he delivered a course of 

 Lectures on Architecture at the Western Literary and Scientific 

 Institution ; which being reported in the ' Athenaeum,' led to hU 

 engagement to write the article ' Architecture ' in the seventh edition 

 of the ' Encyclopaedia Britannica ; ' an elaborate treatise which was 

 followed by another on ' Building ; ' and which have been issued in 

 a separate volume. In 1834-5 Mr. Hosking became engineer of what 

 is now known as the West London railway, for which he designed and 

 executed the curious work, near Kensal Green, by which the Padding- 

 ton Canal is passed over the railway, and a public carriage-road over 

 the canal and railway together. The works and buildings of the 

 Abuey-Park Cemetery were designed by him. In 1840 he was 

 appointed Professor at King's College, London, of 'The Arts of 

 Construction in connexion with Civil Engineering and Architecture,' 

 and in 1842 was added the Professorship of the ' Principles and 

 Practice of Architecture.' His introductory lectures to these courses 

 have been published. He has also written on the ' Composition and 

 Construction of Bridges' to accompany Mr. Weale's folio volumes of 

 'Examples of Bridges.' In 1843, Mr. Hosking having given evidence 

 before the Commissioners for inquiring into the state of large towns, 

 bis views attracted the notice of Lord Lincoln, then Chief Commissioner 

 of Woods and Forests, and upon the passing of the Building Act in 

 1844, Mr. Hosking was appointed one of the Official Referees under 

 that act, being the senior according to the date of appointment. In 

 1855 this Act was superseded by the Metropolitan Building Act, and 

 Mr. Hosking and his colleagues retired upon two-thirds of their salary, 

 under legislative arrangements. During his occupancy of the office 

 of Official Referee, Mr. Hosking published a ' Guide to the proper 

 regulation of Buildings in Towns.' In 1852 he undertook the gra- 

 tuitous service of a Metropolitan Commissioner of Sewers, in addition 

 to his other duties. His labours in his oflice under the Building Act 

 were unremitting, and they were greatly increased by the conflicting 

 and deficient powers of the Act itself, which neutralised the best 

 exertions. Mr. Hosking's "latest architectural work is the stack of 

 buildings on the south side of Cannon-street, of which the establish- 

 ment of Messrs. Berens, Blomberg and Co. forms the principal 

 feature, and which possesses eomo peculiarities of construction, espe- 

 cially in the modes employed of draining, warming, and ventilating 

 the several compartments into which the stack ia divided for 

 separate occupation. In June 1850 was published in ' The Builder,' 

 a ' Plan showing Professor Hosking's Design for extending the accom- 

 modation of the British Museum,' which had been submitted to the 

 Trustees. This plan contemplated the erection of buildings, in addition 

 to the Museum, over the uncovered quadrangular court inclosed by 

 the existing buildings. That plan has now been acted upon ; and 

 though the present arrangements differ from those of Mr. Hosking, 

 his principle has been adopted. 



HOTMAN, FRANCOIS, called also by his Latinised name HOTO- 

 MANUS, was born at Paris in 1524, of a family originally from Silesia. 

 He studied law in the university of Orleans, and afterwards practised 

 at the bar. About 1547 he embraced the Reformed religion, in conse- 

 quence, it was said, of seeing the constancy with which Anne du Bourg, 

 a counsellor to the parliament of Paris, supported the ignominious 

 death to which he was condemned on account of his religion. [IKiri 

 TAL, DE L'.] His father having, in consequence of his change of religion, 

 refused him his support, Hotman repaired to Switzerland, where he 

 taught humanities in the College of Lausanne. In 1650 ho was 

 appointed professor of law at Strasbourg. He afterwards returned to 

 France under the protection of the king of Navarre, and became pro- 

 fessor of law first at Valence, and then at Bourges, from which last 

 place he ran away after having concealed himself during the massacre 

 of St. Bartholomew, and repaired to Geneva, and then to Basel, where 

 he died in 1 690. A collection of his works, in three volumes folio, was 

 published at Geneva in 1599. His principal works are 1, ' Comments- 

 rius de Verbis Juris, Antiquitatum Komauarum Elementis amplificatus ; ' 



