43? 



HOTTINGER, JOHN HENRY. 



HOWARD, HENRY, R.A. 



498 



2, Commentarius in Quatuor Institutionum Juris Civilis Libros;' 

 Commentatio Tripartita ad Libros Feudorum;' 4, 'De Jure Regn: 

 Gallise Libri III.;' 5, Disputationum Juris Civilis Volumen unum;' 

 6, 'Antiquitatum RomaDarum Libri Tres ; ' 7, ' Commentarius in Ora- 

 tiones M. T. Ciceronis, eas maxime quae aliquam Juris Quseationcm 

 continent ; ' 8, ' Commentarius in Epistolam Ciceronis ad Quintum 

 Fratrem de Provincia bene administranda; ' 9, 'Consolatio e Sacris 

 Literis:' 10, ' Ad Remundum Rufum Defensorem Romanorum Ponti- 

 ficuin contra Carolum Molinxum de Statu Primitives Ecclesite liber ; 

 11, ' Franco Gallia,' in which he contended that France was an elective 

 and not an hereditary kingdom; 12, 'De Furoribus Gallicis et de 

 Crede Admiralia ;' 13, ' L'Anti-Tribouien, ou Discours sur 1'Etude des 

 Lois,' which he wrote at the request of the chancellor De 1'Hopital. 

 A biography of Hotmail is prefixed to the collection of his Latin 

 Epistles, 4to, Amsterdam, 1700. 



HOTTINGER, JOHN HENRY, born at Zurich in 1620, after 

 studying in his native country repaired to Leyden in 1639, where 

 Golius the Orientalist engaged him as his assistant. Hottinger learned 

 the Arabic and Turkish languages under a native of Marocco, and 

 gradually became a distinguished Oriental scholar. He made his 

 Oriental studies subservient to his principal object, that of illustrating 

 the Hebrew text of the Bible. He was appointed Professor of Scrip- 

 tural Theology at Zurich, and in 1655 the Elector Palatine induced 

 him to remove to Heidelberg, to fill the chair of Oriental Languages. 

 He was afterwards made rector of that university, which flourished 

 greatly under his administration. Being recalled to Zurich in 1661, 

 he was employed by the government of his country in several important 

 aff.iirs. In 1667 the University of Leyden offered him the chair ol 

 theology, which he accepted ; but while on the poiut of repairing to 

 his destination he was drowned by the upsetting of a boat iu the river 

 Limmut. Hottinger left numerous works, chiefly on Oriental learning, 

 the principal of which are 1, ' Historia Orieutalis,' which contains 

 dissertations on the religion of the Sabcei, Nabatha'i, and other 

 ancient Arabic tribes ; ou the genealogy and history of Mohammed; 

 on the various names of Saracens, Agareni, Ishmaelites, &c., given to 

 his followers ; on the condition of the Ea-teru Christians and Jews at 

 the time of Mohammed ; on the causes which have tended to maintain 

 and to spread Mohammedanism ; on the schisms and heresies among 

 the Mussulmans, &c. ; 2, ' Etymologicum Orieutale,' being a Lexicon 

 of seven languages, Hebrew, Chaldaic, Syriac, Samaritan, Arabic, 

 Kthiopic, and Thalmudico-Rabbinic ; 3, ' Promptuarium, sive Biblio- 

 tln-ca Orieutalis,' being a catalogue of works iu those languages. Hot- 

 tinger had begun a work on the history of Mohammedanism on a large 

 scale, which he styled ' Theatrum Mobammedicum,' of which however 

 he only published a ' Compendium,' to which he added a ' Topographia 

 Ecclesiastica Orientalis/aud also a ' Compendium Theologue Christiana 

 Ecclesiarum Orientalium.' He also wrote ' Historia Ecclesiastics Novi 

 Testament],' 9 vols Svo, 1667. His son John James Hottinger, pro- 

 fenor of theology at Zurich, wrote an 'Ecclesiastical History of 



rland.' 



HOUBIGANT, CHARLES FRANCIS, a priest of the Oratory, and 

 an eminent Biblical scholar, was born at Paris in 1686. He was 

 distinguished iu early life by his great attainments, and lectured 

 successively on the belles-lettres at Juilly, on rhetoric at Marseille, and 

 on philosophy at Soissons. He afterwards removed to Paris, where his 

 devotion to study and the duties of his profession produced a serious 

 illness, which terminated in total deafness. Being thus incapacitated 

 for public duty, he devoted all his time to study, directing his principal 

 attention to the Hebrew language, in which he followed the system of 

 Masclef, who was a strenuous opponent of vowel points. In 1732 

 Houbigant published his 'Racines He'braiques ;' and in 1746, his 

 ' Prolegomena ' to n new edition of the Hebrew Bible, in which he 

 attempted to show that numerous errors had been introduced into the 

 text. His great work, entitled ' Biblia Hebraica cum Notis Criticis et 

 Versione Latina ad Notas Criticas facta,' appeared at Paris in 1753, 

 in 4 vols. foL ; each page is printed in two parallel columns, one of 

 which contains the Hebrew text of Van der Hooght without points, 

 and the other the Latin translation. In the margin of the Pentateuch 

 the various readings of the Samaritan Pentateuch arc given. The 

 notes and emendations of the text are printed at the end of each 

 volume. The critical notes and prolegomena were reprinted at 

 Frankfurt, 2 vols. 4to, 1777 ; and the Latin version, which is usually 

 considered very elegant and correct, at Paris, 5 vols. Svo, 1753. 

 Houbigant learned the English language late in life, and translated 

 into French Sherlock's ' Sermons/ Lesley's ' Short Method against the 

 Deists,' and Forbes' s 'Thoughts on Natural Religion.' Houbigant 

 died on the 31st of October 1733, in the ninety-seventh year of his 

 age. An account of Houbigant'g life, together with a list of his works, 

 is given by Adry in the ' Maga<iin Encyclopeclique,' May, 1806. 



1IUUHRAKEN T , the name of two distinguished Dutch artists, father 

 and son 



'JLD HOUBRAKEN, the father, was born of a good family at Dort, 

 in 1660, and was the pupil of Samuel van Hoogstraten. Ho painted 

 history and portrait, and executed many designs for booksellers. He 

 lived chiefly at Amsterdam ; but he visited this country and remained 

 here eight or nine months, for the purpose of making drawings of 

 some portraits by Vandyck, which were engraved by Van Gunst. 

 HouV'i-aken is however chiefly known for his account of the lives of 

 moo. DIV. VOL. HI. 



Dutch painters, with portraits engraved by his son, in continuation of 

 Van Mander ' Groote Schouburg der Nederlantsche Konstscliilders 

 en Skilderessen," iu three parts. The first and second parts were 

 published at Amsterdam in 1718 and 1719, for the author; the third 

 part was published in 1721 for his widow : Houbrakeu died iu 1719. 



JACOB HOUBBAKEN, his son, was an admirable engraver ; in execution 

 he has never been surpassed, and perhaps seldom equalled. He was 

 born at Dort iu 1 698, and accompanied his father when very youug 

 to Amsterdam. The excellent etched portraits of painters in his 

 father's ' Groote Schouburg ' are among his earliest works, yet they are 

 certainly of their class some of the finest etchings in existence. The 

 most beautiful specimens however of Houbraken's engravings ore some 

 of ' The Heads of Illustrious Persons of Great Britain,' published in 

 London by the Knaptons in 1748 : the excellence of some of these 

 heads must be seen to be comprehended. Some of the heads however 

 which were engraved by Houbraken, though of the highest excellence 

 as works of art, want authenticity as portraits, as, for instance, those 

 of Carr, Earl of Somerset, and Secretary Thurloe, which Walpole 

 says are spurious. The collection is notwithstanding of great histo- 

 rical interest. Houbrakeu engraved also a great number of portraits 

 of distinguished Dutch characters. He died in 1780. 



(Van Gool, Nieuwe Schouburg der Nederlantsche Jfunslsdiililera, tfcc. ; 

 Watelet, Dictionnaire des Arts, <kc. ; Huber, Manuel des Amateurs, etc.) 



HOVEDEN, ROGER DE, an English historian, who seems to have 

 been the same person whom Robert of Gloucester calls 'Hew of 

 Howdane,' and who is supposed to have received his name from Hove- 

 den, or Howden, in Yorkshire, the place of his birth. Walter of 

 Coveutry says he was iu the household of Henry II. ; probably as a 

 chaplain, as that monarch is stated to have employed him iu the 

 service of visiting monasteries at the time when their abbots or priors 

 died, and when the revenues of the respective foundations foil into 

 the king's hands. The exact time of Hovedeu's birth and death is 

 unknown, but it was not till after the reign of Henry II. tbat he wrote 

 his ' History,' which commences in 731, where Bede ends, and continues 

 to 1202, the third year of King John. Hoveden's ' History ' was pub- 

 lished by Sir Henry Savile, iu the ' Scriptores post Bedam,' folio, 

 London, 1595, at Frankfurt in 1601, and in Bohn's ' Antiquarian 

 Library." NicolsOn, upon the authority of Pits, says that in 1291 

 Edward I. caused diligent search to be made in all the libraries in 

 England for Hovedeu's ' History," to adj ust the dispute about the 

 homage due from the crown of Scotland. Leland, Selden, Sir Henry 

 Savile, and Nicolson, all bear testimony to the fidelity of Hoveden as 

 an historian. 



HOWARD, CHARLES, LORD HOWARD OF EFFINGHAM, 

 second of that title, grandson of Thorns*, second duke of Norfolk, 

 was born in 1536. After seeing much service by land and sea, he was 

 appointed in 1585 Lord High Admiral of England, and in that capacity 

 had the chief management of the preparations made in defence of 

 England against the Spanish Armada in 1588. He acquitted himself 

 of this most weighty charge with signal prudence as well as bravery. 

 In 1596 he was joined with Essex iu the expedition against Cadiz, 

 having command of the fleet, while Essex had command of the troops. 

 A natural jealousy existed between the old soldier and the young 

 favourite ; nor did they quite agree as to the measures to be pursued. 

 However the town was taken, and the ships in the harbour destroyed. 

 [ESSEX, EARL OF.] For this service Lord Howard was created Earl of 

 Nottingham, as declared iu hia patent, much to the annoyance of 

 Essex, who would willingly have engrossed the glory himself, and 

 sought to prejudice the queen against his late colleague. Iu 1599, in 

 the anticipation of another Spanish invasion, coupled with suspicion of 

 the Earl of Essex's intentions in Ireland, the queen reposed in the 

 Earl of Nottingham the sole command of the army and navy, with 

 the title of Lieutenant-General of England, which he held during six 

 weeks an extraordinary mark of confidence. He commanded the 

 troops which put down Essex's raah attempt at rebellion, and treated 

 him in his downfall, as he had during his prosperity, with respect and 

 kindness. Under the reign of James I. he retained his high considera- 

 tion at court, and was employed in several distinguished capacities. 

 He died on December 14th, 1624, at the advanced age of eighty-seven, 

 some years before which he had resigned tho office of Lord High 

 Admiral in behalf of the favourite Villiers, then earl of Buckingham, 

 receiving in exchange a pension of lOOOi. and the acquittal of a debt 

 of 1800 due to the crown. During half a century ho possessed tho 

 favour, and for great part of that time the highest confidence of his 

 sovereigns, without earning or retaining it by unworthy compliances 

 or selfish and interested intrigues. His temper appears to have been 

 no less upright, honourable, and generous, than his services were 

 distinguished. 



HOWARD, HENRY, EARL OF SURREY. [SUHRET, EABL OF.] 

 HOWARD, HENRY, R.A., professor of painting iu the Royal 

 Academy, was born on the 31st of January 1709. He was a pupil of 

 Philip Reinagle, R.A., and was admitted a student at the Itoyal 

 Academy in March 1788. As a student his success was very decided ; 

 and it was his fortune, for the first time iu the history of the insti- 

 tution, to receive on the same occasion, December 10th 1790, two of 

 the highest premiums the first silver medal for the best drawing from 

 the life, and the gold medal for the best historical painting; and ha 

 at the same time received the special commendations of the president, 



2 K 



