HUGHES, JOHN 1 . 



HUMAIUH, NESIR-KDDIN MOHAMMED. 



meat. Ha neigued his bUhoprie in 1499. in order to enjoy more time 

 f.>r study j and he obtained in exchange the alibry of Kontenay near 

 the i-at-s of Caen. During the Utter year* of hi* life he lived princi- 

 pally at IVu-U in the Msuon ProfeMe of the Jesuita, He died on the 

 .'tli of January IT'.'l, it the age of ninety-one. 



The brat known of Hnet'* work* i* hii ' Demonstratio Evangelica,' 

 which wu published originally at Paris in 1679, and baa ince been 

 frequently reprinted. This book, like' most of Huet'i other works, in 

 written with more learning than judgment Tho mott important of 

 Hurt's other work* are : De Interpretatione libri duo,' Pari*, 1681 ; 

 'Origenis CommenUrii in Sacrum Soriptnram,' Houen, 1668, 2 volt. 

 fol., reprinted at Cologne, 1685, 3 Tola. foL ; 'Centura Philoeopht* 

 Cartodana!.' Parii, 1689, 1694, 12rao; 'Qutrationea Alnetana de 

 Coooordia Kationia et Fidel,' Caen. 1690 ; ' De la Situation du Paradis 

 Terreatre,' Para, 1691, 12mo; ' Huetii Commentariui de Rebus ad 

 eum pertinentibn*,' Amst., 1718, l'2mo, of which the title-page 

 contains a curious instance of bad Latinity ; Traito 1 Philotophiqne de 

 la Kaibleate de 1'Kiprit Humain,' published after the author's death, 

 by his friend tl.e AbM d'Olivet, Amst, 1723, 8vo. 



HUGHES, JUHN T , the son of a respectable citizen of London, was 

 born in 1677, at Marlborougb, in Wiltshire. He was educated in 

 London, chiefly at a dissenting academy, where Isaac Watts was one 

 of his fellow-pupil*. Hia natural turn for study wu encouraged by 

 the delicacy of his health, which made his friends well pleased to 

 obtain for him a small income in the public service. He held a clerk- 

 ship in the Ordnance-office, and wsi secretary to several commissions 

 issued under the great seal for improving harbours. In 1717, too late 

 to permit him to enjoy affluence long, he was appointed by Karl Cowper 

 to be clerk to the commissions of the peace. At the age of nineteen 

 he had written a tragedy called ' Almasont, Queen of the Goths,' which 

 however was never played or published. Several occasional poems 

 and translations, the earliest of which, in 1697, celebrated the peace of 

 Kyswick, introduced him to the acquaintance of Addison, Pope, and 

 other literary men, whose liking he was well qualified to secure by liis 

 good temper and want of pretension. When Addison's critical friends, 

 on reading the first four acts of ' Cato,' had condemned it, Hughes 

 dissented, and insisted on its being completed; and although the 

 author afterwaida completed it himself, yet Hughes was in the first 

 instance intrusted with that task. Hughes wrote a tragedy called 

 The Siege of Damascus,' which is inserted in several modern collec- 

 tions, and merits its place for the excellence it possesses in language and 

 in lofty and reBned feeling. It was acted for the first time on Feb- 

 ruary 17th, 1720, and received much applause. The author that night 

 lay on his death-bed; and he expired before morning. Hughes was 

 skilled also in music, and was frequently employed to write poetical 

 pieces for musical accompaniment. Among bis productions of thU 

 kind were English operas on the Italian model. But his best claim 

 to remembrance rests on his having been one of the most frequent 

 assistants of Addi-on and Steele in their periodical essay*. He wrote 

 some papers for the ' Tatler ' and ' Guardian ;' and to the ' Spectator ' 

 he contributed eleven numbers and a good many letters, being more 

 than the quantity furnished by any other of the minor writers, except 

 Tickell and Budgell. Ho edited respectably the works of Edmund 

 Spenser, and translated Moliore's Misanthrope,' and Fontenelle's 

 ' Dialogues of the Dead.' The ' Letters of John Hughe?, Esq.,' were 

 published in 3 vols. 1773, with a preface containing some notice of 

 Mr. Hnghes by the editor, William Duncombe, Eaq. 



HUGO, VICTOR-MARIE, VICOMTE, an eminent French lyrical 

 pott, dramatist, and romance writer, was born at Besancon, Feb. 26, 

 1802. He was the son of General Hugo, who assisted Augcreau in 

 dissolving the legislative body on the 18th fructidor, and whose long 

 defence of Tbionville, in 1814, was at the time highly spoken of. The 

 general was the author of several military works; be died on the 

 30th of January 1828. The early education of the future poet was 

 acquired at home, but that homo was very unsettled, the military 

 career of his father having removed the family to the inland of Elba, 

 to several of the Italian states, then to Madrid, and back to Parii, 

 before the child was eight years old. In 1813 he went to the college 

 Cordier, to be prepared for the Ecole Polytechnique ; in this college 

 he remained five or six yean, and completed his education. 



In 1817, whilst pursuing his studies at the college Cordier, he sent 

 a poem to the Concours of the French Academy, on the ' Advantages 

 of Study,' which obtained an honourable mention. The same year 

 he wrote his tragedy of 'Irtamcne;' it was modelled on the old 

 classic school, and composed in Terse. At this period Victor Hugo 

 wa a legitimist, and in all hi* writings warmly advocated the cause 

 of royalty. Three successive prize* carried off at the competitions of 

 the Academy dea Jenx Floraux, won for him the title of Master in 

 that institution. In 1822 be established with his two elder brothers 

 the ' Constrvateur Littc'raire,' to which Victor Hugo contributed a 

 largo number of poems, beside* his romance of Bug-JargaL In 1823 

 he produced another romance, ' Hun d'ltlande,' in three volumes. 

 Hi* celebrated collection of poems, 'Ode* et Ballade*,' appeared the 

 same year, and placed him at once in the front line among the living 

 poets of France. All hi* early ode* are replete with loyal and 

 religious sentiments ; the spirit of his mother, who was a Vendean, 

 . breathes in every one of them. The long drama of ' Cromwell,' ' Le* 

 Oriental**,' anether fine collection of poems ; a E ombre romance called 



' Le Dernier Jour d'un CondaumeY and the drama of ' Hernani,' 

 appeared between 1825 and 1 



The fall of Chnrlts X., .111. 1 the agitation which followed the Revo- 

 lution of July, produced a su>lJeu change in the opinion*, in the style, 

 ninl in the morale of this author'a work'. For several yean pre- 

 viously, a body of ardent and impulsive young writers, had been 

 struggling to reanimate the literature of their country, which the 

 reign of Napoleon had enslaved and almost extinguished. This body 

 divided itself into two parties, the Clanics, or those who adhered to 

 the ruli s of the old masters ; and the Romantics, or those who advo- 

 cated a greater freedom and latitude in the art. None but those who 

 were living in France between the yean 1828 and 1882, can appreciate 

 the heat and vivacity of this contention. AH the most illustrious 

 names in French literature were quoted by the young spirit-i of the 

 day only to be ridiculed. " Nobody," laid the critic Moreau, in the 

 ' Courier Francaia,' " is now respected if he is above eighteen year* 

 of age." The classic* of course resisted this opinion ; but they con- 

 sisted chiefly of old or middle-aged men, and for many yean were 

 borne down by the new school as by a torrent 



At the bead of this school, which adopted the name of La Jeune 

 France, Victor Hugo placed himself immediately after the July revo- 

 lution. He abandoned tragedy, and adopted melo-drama in it* place; 

 he set aside the true, the terrible, and the beautiful, and took up 

 with the specious, the horrible, and the monstrous. He denaturalised 

 history, and ransacked its exhnu&tless stores, not to discover and hold 

 up to admiration the eternal types of wisdom, patriotism, and recti- 

 tude, but those of folly, meanness, and indulgence. In this spirit ho 

 wrote his 'Marion Delorme,' which appeared in 1831; ' Le Hoi 

 s'amuse,' ' Lucrece Borgia,' and ' Mario Tudor,' which were produced 

 in 1832 and 1833; his ' Angelo,' 'Esmcralda,' and ' liny Hlns,' which 

 appeared in 1835, 1837, and 1838. The last of his dramas was ' Les 

 Burgrave*,' represented for the first time March 7, 1S43, at tho Theatre 

 Francaia. 



Whilst these dramatic works were in progress, he brought out his 

 best romance, ' Notre Dame de Paris,' in 1831, and in 1832, hit beau- 

 tiful poems, 'Lea Feuillea d'Automne,' usually cited as his best 

 work. His ' Chants du Crepuscule ' was published in 1835, bis ' Vmx 

 Inte'rieurep,' in 1837, ' Lea Kayons et les Ombres,' in 1840. His 

 'Letters on the Rhine,' well translated into EnglUh by Mr. Aird, 

 were published in 1841 ; iu which year Victor Hugo, at the age 

 of thirty-nine, became a member of the French Academy. Louis 

 Philippe created him a peer, April 16, 1845. 



After the dethronement of the citizen king, in 1848, Victor Hugo 

 was twice returned for the Assembled Nationale, and mingled in tlio 

 ranks of the extreme democrat*. In December 185*2 he was exiled 

 from France, He then took up his abode in the island of .1 

 where he continued three years, occupied in writing violent philippic* 

 both in prose an<l verse against Napoleon III. Hia recent departure 

 from Jersey, and transference to the adjacent island of Guernsey, were 

 the subjects of much discussion in the papers during the month of 

 January 1856. 



HU.MAIUN, NESIR-EDDIN MOHAMMED, the son of liabor, 

 and the second emperor of the Tartar, or as it is more usually called, 

 the Mogul dynasty in Hindustan, was born at Cabul, A.M. 1113 (A.I). 

 1508). He accompanied his father Baber in his invasion of Hindustan, 

 A.H. 932 (A.O. 1525), and commanded the right wing of the army in 

 the decisive battle of 1'anipat, iu which the Afghan Sultan Ibr.thim 

 Lodi was entirely defeated. After this battle, Humainn was sent 

 against two Afghan chiefs, who had assembled an army of 40,000 or 

 50,000 men east of the Ganges ; and after having defeated them he 

 rejoined the army of Baber, and was present at the battle fought with 

 the native Hindoo princes at Biaiia near Agra, in which he greatly 

 distinguished himself. 



Humaiun ascended the throne on the death of Baber, A.H. 937 

 (A.M. 1530). linmaiun does not appear to have possessed that energy 

 and decision which characterised his father ; in consequence of which 

 the native princes of Hindustan quickly renounced their allegiance to 

 the Mogul dynasty. Humoiuun was however at first successful in 

 reducing them to subjection; Bahadur, the powerful monarch of 

 Uujerat, was conquered; and the Hindoo princes were defeated in 

 Bengal. But while he was employed in reducing these provinces, 

 Shir Khan, the Afghan governor of Bahar, revolted against him. A 

 battle was fought between them on the banks of the Ganges A.H. 

 947 (A.D. 1540); in which Humaiun was entirely defeated, and obliged 

 to retreat to Lahore. Soon after this he was deserted by his brothers 

 Kamniii and Hitidul ; and after wandering for a year in the neigh- 

 bourhood of the Indus, exposed to many hardship* and dangers, he 

 at length took refuge in the territories of Tahmasp Mirzo, king of 

 Persia; who received him most hospitably, and assisted him with 

 troops to enable him to recover his dominions. In A.H. 952 (A.O. 1545) 

 he again entered Cabul; and was engaged for several yean in a 

 contest with Kamran, who, though repeatedly conquered and as often 

 pardoned by Humaiun, did not cease making war against his brother 

 till he waa deprived of hi* eyes. In A.M. 9b'2 (A.D. 1554-5) Humaiun 

 marched agaimt Sekunder, the Afghan' emperor of Delhi; and after 

 defeating his force* near the river Sutlej, and at Sirhind (28th of 

 June 1555), he again obtained possession of that part of Hindustan, 

 which had been conquered by Baber. Huniaiua died on the llth of 



