Ml 



HUBS, JOHN. 



HUTCHESON, FRANCia 



631 



re bin bt : and hit exposition* of the commercial condition of the 

 country alway* excited great iuten st He WM far from adopting in 

 anything like their fulnea* tb* principle* of free trade which have 

 aiuco been adopted, but be wai the great pioneer of tho onuade ; and 

 it mn*t be borne in mind that even the reforms which he did effect 

 excited (treat clamour and opposition, in many instance* from the 

 very parties who afterwards saw cause to advocate a far more extensive 

 ch*ag<> ; while the advantages of the changes he did effect were not 

 reoognUed until some time afterward*. Mr. Huskisson was likewise 

 active in procuring the repeal of the combination laws; and he relaxed 

 the restrictions on the exportation of machinery. 



At the close of the session of 1880 Mr. Huskisson left London to 

 be present at the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester railway, 

 on the 15th of September. When the train reached Parkside, near 

 Newton, he got out of the carriage with mauy others, and had just 

 been speaking to the Duke of Wellington, when an alarm was raised 

 on the approach of an engine on the other line. Mr. Huskisson 

 attempted to regain his seat, but fell to the ground at the moment 

 the engine passed, and was dreadfully injured. Me was conveyed to 

 the housa of the Rev. Mr. BUckburue, of Boole*, but tho shock to 

 the system was so great, that after enduring great agony with much 

 fortitude and resignation, he died at nine o'clock the same evening. 

 At the request of a large and influential portion of the mercantile 

 classes of Liverpool his remains were interred in the new cemetery, 

 where a handsome monument with a atatue by Gib-on was erected to 

 his memory by bin constituents. A second statue has since been 

 erected in the Exchange of Liverpool, and another, also by Gibson, in 

 Lloyds' Rooms, London. 



Mr. Huskisson was married in 1799 to the youngest daughter of 

 Admiral Milbanke, but had no family. On retiring from office in 

 1828 he entered upon the receipt of one of six pensions of 30002. a 

 a year, which the Crown was empowered to grant for long public 

 services. He was nominated for this pension by Lord Liverpool 

 shortly before his political demise. He was for many years Agent 

 for Ceylon, the salary of which was increased from 8002. to 12002. 

 a-year : be resigned this post when appointed to the Board of Trade 

 in 1823. 



(Speechet of the Right Hon. W. lliukiuon, with a Biographical 

 Memoir, 3 vols. Svo, London, 1831.) 



HUSS, JOHN, was born at Hussinatz, a village of Bohemia, of 

 humble parents, about the year 1370. He studied in the University 

 of Prague, where he distinguished himself by his assiduity and 

 talents. Being ordained priest in 1400, he soon after adopted the 

 opinions of Wycliffe, which he proclaimed loudly from the pulpit, 

 and by so doing gave offence to the Archbishop of Prague, who 

 denounced his tenets as heretical. But HUBS was confessor to Sophia, 

 queen of Bohemia, and was favoured by King Wenceslaus himself, 

 and thus he was able to maintain hU ground for several years. In 

 1408 the heads of the university declared that whoever taught the 

 opinions of Wycliffe should be expelled from that body. HUBS 

 identified his cause with that of his Bohemian countrymen, ever 

 jealous of German influence, and the consequence was that the 

 German students withdrew from the university and the city of Prague, 

 aud repaired to Leipzig, where the elector of Saxony founded a uni- 

 versity for them. Huss being now installed rector of the University 

 of Prague, inculcated the doctrines of Wycliffe, whose works he 

 caused to be translated into Bohemian, The Archbishop of Prague 

 ordered these works to be publicly burned, and excommunicated those 

 who still adhered to the opinions contained in them. He also sus- 

 pended Huss from his sacerdotal functions, who however assembled 

 the people, either in private houses or in the fields, where he 

 preached against the pope, against purgatory, and above all against 

 indulgences. The people were thus invited and encouraged to 

 examine doctrines, which till then had been considered tho sole 

 province of the clergy; and the humblest among them, women as 

 woll as men, began to discuss the mysteries of grace, predestination, 

 and justification. The Archbishop of Prague took the alarm, and 

 Huss was summoned by the Pope, John XXIII., to appear in person 

 at Bologna to answer the charges against him, which neglecting to 

 do, he was excommunicated. Huss however had a strong party in 

 his favour, snd the consequence was that frequent tumults occurred 

 in the streets of Prague between his partisans and those who supported 

 the papal authority. Unwilling to appear as encouraging these dis- 

 orders, Huss retired to his native village, and there both by his 

 tongue and pen be defended the propositions of Wycliffe, rejecting at 

 the same time all human authority in matters of faith, and exhorting 

 the multitudes who flocked to hear him to make the Scriptures alone 

 their rule of faith. Some time after, on the death of the archbishop 

 HUBS returned to Prague, and there publicly opposed a papal bull 

 which had been just issued by tho court of florae against Ladislaus, 

 king of Naples, and which invited all Christians to a crusade against 

 him. In the University of Prague HUBS stood on vantage ground, 

 and being assisted by his clever disciple Jerome, he began to denounce 

 the tale of indulgences in the strongest terms. 



Fresh tumults took place ; and after more citations from the pope 

 which Huss disdained to obey, the council of Constance at last 

 assembled. Husa was cited to appear before the council, and he 

 obeyed in 1414, after receiving a safe conduct from the Emperor 



SigUmund. On arriving at ConsUuoe however he was arrested ; his 

 doctrines were condemned a* heretical, and a* he would not retract, 

 he was publicly degraded from hU priestly office, and theu consigned 

 to the civil magistrate, who by order of the emperor had him burnt. 

 HUBS died with a fortitude which was admired even by his antagonists : 

 while the infamous conduct of the emperor has branded tho name 

 of SigUmund with an indelible stigma. (Braooiolini. Poggio, Epistle ' 

 to Leonardo Aretino ; and tineas Sylvius, ' Historia Bohemica.') The 

 morals of HUM were irreproachable ; his opinions, whether right or 

 wrong, were conscientiously entertained ; and it is but a poor excuse 

 for the members of the council to say that they did not condemn him 

 to death, but consigned him to the secular arm, as they were perfectly 

 well aware of the meaning of that expression. The council tlmi 

 gave a fatal example, which was followed over all Europe for centuries 

 after, and almost to our own days. Jerome of Prague soon after met 

 with the same fate as bis master. The death of these two dis- 

 tinguished men created a revolt in Bohemia, The Hussites began a 

 furious war against the Roman Catholics ; they burned churches and 

 monasteries, they overawed King Wenceslans, and after his death his 

 brother, the Emperor Sigisaiund, found himself opposed by the 

 Hussite leader Ziska, a man of extraordinary powers, who had taken 

 possession of Prague. Sigismuud, after a groat loss of men in the 

 field, was glad to come to an accommodation upon the following 

 terms : 1. That the church-service should be celebrated in the vulgar 

 tongue; 2. That the communion should be administered in both 

 kinds; 3. That clergymen should be deprived of all temporal juris- 

 diction ; 4. That moral crimes should be punished with the same 

 severity as violations of the criminal laws of the country. This 

 truce however was of no long duration, and Ziska carried on the war 

 with success against the emperor. The Hussites now divided into 

 several branches, some very fanatical and cruel, such as the Taborites, 

 the Horebites, and tho Adamites, of whom strange but not well 

 authenticated stories are told; and others more moderate and 

 rational, such as the Callixtiues. After the death of Ziska the warfare 

 between the Bohemian Hussites and the Imperial troops continued 

 until the convocation of the council of Basel, in 1431 After long and 

 tedious conferences the council conceded to the Bohemian laity tho 

 use of the cup in the communion, and the Emperor Sigismund on his 

 side agreed that the Hussite priests should be tolerated, even at 

 court, that no more monasteries should be built, that the University 

 of Prague should be reinstated in all its former privileges, and a 

 general amnesty granted for all past disturbances. Thus peace was 

 concluded in 1437. Bohemia however remained still in a feverish 

 state until about a century after, when the reform of Luther revived 

 old feelings and antipathies, of which the Thirty Years' War, which 

 another century later desolated all Germany, may be said to have 

 been the remote consequence. 



There are a few Hussites now in Bohemia; the rest have merged 

 into Colvinists, Lutherans, Moravians, and other sect-'. 



HUTCHESON, FRANCIS, the reviver of speculative philosophy in 

 Scotland, was born in Ireland, August 8th, 1694. His father was 

 minister to a Presbyterian congregation. After completing his studies 

 at Glasgow, Hutcheson officiated for some time in a similar capacity in 

 the north of Ireland. In 1720 he first became known to the literary 

 world by the publication of his ' Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas 

 of Beauty and Virtue, &c., with an Attempt to introduce a Mathe- 

 matical Calculation in Subjects of Morality,' and acquired by it the 

 friendship of Archbishop King, author of tho treatises on the ' Origin 

 of Evil' and 'Predestination, 1 &o. His essay 'On the Nature and 

 Conduct of the Passions and Affections' appeared in 172 S, and in 

 the following year he was appointed professor of moral philosophy in 

 the University of Glasgow, where he was admitted to the degree of 

 Doctor of Laws. He published, aa manuals for hia class, ' Synopsis 

 Metaphysics Ontologiam et Pneumatologiam complectens,' and '1'hi- 

 losophiio Moralis inatitutio compendiaria Ethices et Jiirisprin 

 Naturalia Priucipia complectens.' His great work, in 2 vol. 4t<>, 

 entitled 'System of Moral Philosophy,' did not appear uutil ;i! 

 death, which took place at Glasgow in 1747. It was published by his 

 son, Dr. F. Hutcheson, with a life of the author, by Dr. Leechmnu. 



In his metaphysical system Hutcheson rejected the theory of innate 

 ideas and principles, but insisted upon the admission of certain uni- 

 versal propositions, or, as he terms them, metaphysical axioms, which 

 are self-evident and immutable. These axioms are primary and original, 

 and do not derive their authority from any simpler aud antecedent 

 principle. Consequently it is idle to seek a criterion of truth, for this 

 is none other than reason itself, or, in the words of Hutchcson, "menti 

 congeuita intclligendi vis." Of his ontological axioms two are import- 

 ant : Everything exists really; and no quality, affection, or action is 

 real, except in so far as it exists in some object or thing. From the 

 latter proposition it follows that all abstract affirmative propositions 

 are hypothetical, that is, they invariably suppose the existence of some 

 object without which they cannot be true. 



Truth is divided into logical, moral, and metaphysical Logical 

 truth is the agreement of a proposition with the object it relates to ; 

 moral truth is the harmony of the outward act with the inward senti- 

 ments; lastly, metaphysical truth is that nature of a thing wherein it 

 is known to God as that which actually it is, or it is its absolute 

 r.ality. Perfect truth is in the infinite alone. The truth of finite 



