IGNATIUS. 



TURK, JOHAN. 



Ml 



LaL, illustratus a L. Ktistoro. Aocedit Malchus lira Porphyrius de 

 ritt Pytbsg ,' *,-. *c.. AmsUlodaBi, 1T40, 4 to. ; the tame by Kiessling, 

 Leipsi* IMS. *, Th. fva) In thU work lamblichus ascribed to the 

 Ilaliu philosopher miraculous powers and mot* which might rival, if 

 not sarpase, Uie signs and wooden on which tha Christiana not only 

 founded tli divina authority of their creed, but (till laid claim to. 

 (' HebenstreH, Dies, d* lamblichi Philosophi Syri DoctriuA Cbriitiann 

 lUlii.>ni, quam imitmri itudet, noxia,' Lelpx,, 1704, 4to.) At thi> 

 period indeed tha pbiloeophemes of theEaat were exerting corrupt 

 inflame* not only upon Christianity, but also upon philosophy ; and a 

 belief in magie and divination, in miraculous gift* and tha operation 

 of eelratU agents, was universally prevalent, and found numerous and 

 salons adherents, as well among heathens as among Christians. An 

 important elrment in the eclectical, or rather syncretistie, system of 

 the nco-Platonista waa the Oriental dogma of emanation, according to 

 which the souls of all creatures, after passing through certain states 

 and periods of purification, return unto God, from whom they originally 

 emanated, and afterwards falling away, contracted a stain and pollution. 

 Of suoh a doctrine it was a consequence to believe that a life of asceti- 

 cism and self denial would enable the sage even in this life to attain to 

 an intimate union with immaculate deity. Consistently with these 

 views lambllchus made the perfection of man's moral nature to consist 

 in a state of contemplative innocence, ('l)e Vita Pythagono et Pro- 

 treptioc Orationea ad Philosophiam,' lib. it, Gr. et Lat, ed. Job. 

 Areerius Theodorotus, Franeck., 1598, 4 to.) 



From the same source of mystical and visionary speculation lambli- 

 ofaua drew his ontologies! system. He asserted the existence of several 

 olasaii of spiritual essences, or demons, and atttmpted to determine 

 the mode and occasions of their manifestation and operations, and 

 lastly, the means by which man mar subject them to himself, and 

 employ their influence and agency in the execution of his own design*. 

 Several legends are extant in which lambliobua is described as actually 

 exercising thin power, and compelling the spirits to obedience. The 

 work on the Egyptian mysteries ('De Myateriis vEgyptioruui libri, sou 

 Itesponsio ad Porphyrii Kpistolam ad Anebonem Prophetam,' Gr. et 

 Lat., prscmis-a ep. Porph. ad Anebonem ; ed. T. H. Gale, Oxford, 1678, 

 fol.) ia an attempt to show the possibility of this intimate and actual 

 union (tfturrue^ (man) with the Divine being, which gives a super- 

 natural elevation to the powers of man, which however cannot be 

 gained by the mere cultivation of the rational powers, but by the 

 employment of certain secret symbols and forms, which have been 

 imparted by the gods themselves to their priests, from whom only 

 they are to be learned. The epistle of Porphyry to Anebo the priest 

 contains many doubts concerning the Egyptian mysteries, which lam- 

 blichus refutes by the authority of the writings of Hermes and tho 

 philosophy of Plotinus. The genuineness of this work however seems 

 justly doubted. (Ueiner, 'Judicium de Libro qui de Myst. yEuypt 

 inscribitur,' in tho fourth volume of the ' Commentatt Sue. Scient,' 

 I, 17S2, p. 50.) 



Besides the works above noticed of lamblicbus, we have the follow- 

 ing fragments from bis ten books on the Pythagorean school and 

 doctrines : Lib. iii, 'De Oenerali Mathematum Kcientia,' Gr., ed. 

 Villouon in ' Anecdott Gr.,' t ii. p. 188, to., coll. Friisii ; introd. in 

 lib. iil, 'Iambi, de Gen.,' &c., Kopenh., 1790, 4to; lib. iv., 'In Mcc- 

 machi Geraseni Arithmcticam,' introd. et ' De Fato,' Gr. et Lat, ed. 

 Sam. Tennnliua, Arnbeim, ItitiS, 4to; lib. vii., ' Theologumcna Arith- 

 metices,' Par., 1543, 4 to, of which the treatise 'De Fato' is a portion. 



(Consult Eunapii, Vit. Soph., pp. 20-82, Heidelberg, 1596-98 ; Buhle, 

 Gttrh. d. Philot., 4er Theil; and Kilter. Iltttory of Philotopky, vol. iv.) 



IGNATIUS, one of the earliest of the apostolic fathers, called also 

 TnzopnoRDS. Antioch was a great Beat and centre of Christianity 

 from the very earliest times. St Paul resided there many yean, and 

 brought the Christian community into regular church order. Ignatius 

 was one of the earliest successors to St. Paul (if not the next) in the 

 presidency over this church, or in the office of minister, superintendent, 

 bishop, or by whatever name the connection which the Apostles 

 and the more eminent of the early Christians bore to the churches 

 may bo designated. Ilia connection with the church at Antioch begun 

 as early as 67, that is, before Jerusalem was destroyed, and while still 

 then were innumerable persons living who remembered our S.iumir 

 and the circumstances of his life, teaching*, and death. This is inferred 

 from what is related of him. that ho had been forty years connected 

 with tbst cbureh when, in 107, the emperor Trajan visited Antioch, 

 and instituted a violent persecution against the Christians. Of course 

 Ignatius, occupying the most prominent station, would be among the 

 first to suffer from it. They first tried to induce him to abandon his 

 opinions and his charge, but the old man was inflexible. Tho issue 

 was that he was sent to Rome, and there put to death in a very cruel 

 manner, being thrown to the lions in a public spectacle, on one of the 

 great festival days of the Saturnalia, the 13th of the Kalends of 

 January, or, according to our mode of reckoning, on the 20th of 

 December 107, according to the received opinion, though some writers 

 make the martyrdom of Ignatius to have occurred as late as 116. 

 What little was left of the feeble old man was gathered by a few 

 friends and followers, and, in the spirit which prevailed so generally 

 in the early ages of the church, removed to Antioch, and preserved 

 there as sacred relics. It seems scarcely to have occurred to the 

 Reformers when they set themselves to defame and destroy tha relics 



of saints and other holy men enshrined in the ancient churches of 

 Christendom, that they were abolishing one of the most valuable 

 evidences of the reality of many facts in the early history of 

 Christianity. 



However, better remains of St Ignatius are preserved to us : four 

 short epistles addressed to the Human?, the Pliiladelpliians, the 

 Smyrnteaus, and to Poly carp. There la also a relation of his martyr- 

 dom by Bomo who were present It is this relation from which the 

 facts of his history are chiefly, if cot wholly, drawn. An English 

 translation of it, as also of his four epistles, may be found in Arch- 

 bishop Wake's ' Genuine Epistles of tho Apostolic Fathers,' London, 

 Svo, 1693. The best editions of tha Epistles of Ignatius are that con- 

 tained in Le Clerc's edition of the ' Patres Apostolici ' of Coteleriu*, 

 2 vols. foL, Amsterd., 1724 ; and that included with the epistles of 

 Clemsnt of Rome and Polyoorp, by Jacobson, 2 vols. 8vu, Oxford, 

 1888. But sea as to the authenticity of the shorter epistles, and the 

 interpolations in all, tha valuable work entitled 'The Ancient Syriac 

 Version of the Epistles of St. Ignatius,' &c., by the Her. William 

 Cureton of the British Museum, 8vo, Lond., 1845. 



IGNATIUS, Patriarch of Constantinople. The schism of ths 

 Greek and Roman churches, which began under Photius, who perse- 

 cuted this prelate, and usurped his see [Pnoncs], gives importance to 

 the life of Ignatius. He was born in 799, and was the son of the 

 Emperor Michael Curopalstes, and his mother Procopia wa tho 

 daughter of the Emperor Nicephorus. On the revolt of Leo the 

 Armenian, Michael surrendered to him the throne, which he had 

 occupied during only a year and nine month*, and embraced the 

 monastic life. His sons followed the example of their father, and the 

 youngest, Niretas, then aged fourteen, changed his name into that of 

 Ignatius. The new emperor, in order not to be disturbed in tha 

 possession of power, separated the several members of the family of 

 Michael, and caused his two sons Kustratius and Nicetas to be made 

 eunuchs. 



During the reign of the three emperors Leo, Michael IL, and 

 Theophilus, they were allowed to enjoy in tranquillity the monastic 

 life to which they had devoted themselves. Ignatius was admitted 

 into the order of priesthood by Basil, bishop of Paros in the Hellespont, 

 a prelate who had suffered much persecution in opp< -irg thr Icono- 

 clast*, and to whom Ignatius was much attached. On the death of 

 Theophilug, the Empress Theodora was declared regent in the name 

 of her son Michael III. Being opposed to the Iconoclasts, she 

 banished John, the Patriarch of Constantinople, and caused Methodius 

 to be elected in his place. Four years after, on the death of Methodius, 

 the patriarchal dignity wns bestowed upon Ignatius, who was com- 

 pelled to leave his monastery, where he bad acquired a high reputation 

 for piety and talent, and to accept this perilous honour. 



He had not long enjoyed this pee when the possession of it was 

 troubled by his contest with Bardas, the brother of the empress, 

 whom he had excommunicated on account of his scandalous excesses, 

 Bardas having obtained considerable influence over the mind of the 

 young Emperor Michael, whose vices he flattered and encouraged, 

 induced him to take the reins of government, and to com] 

 mother to withdraw to a convent, and to accept the vows. Iguntiua, 

 when summoned to lend his authority to this nnfilial act, did not 

 content himself with remonstrating against it, but gave them a stern 

 refusal. Ho was in consequence banished to the Isle of Terebinthos, 

 and deprived of his see, which he bad held for eleven years ; every 

 means were afterwards employed, but without effect, to induce him 

 to n -mti. Photius, a eunuch related to Bardas, and a person of con- 

 siderable learning, who favoured the Iconoclasts, was by the will of 

 the emperor, but without the consent of the church, appointed to the 

 Patriarchate of Constantinople. The controversy of 1'hotiu* with the 

 Church of Rome, and its issue, are fully detailed in the article 

 PHOTIUS. 



In 866 Bardas was put to death ; and Basil, the Macedonian, became 

 possessed of the supreme power. One of the first acts of hi.-- 

 was to banish Photius and to recall Ignatius, who was triuni) 

 reinstated in his patriarchal dignity on the 3rd of November Mi". At 

 his suggestion a Council was assembled at Constantinople, which ranks 

 in the Roman church as the eighth (ecumenical. It was provided 

 over by the legato of Pope Adrian II., and in it Photius and his 

 partisans were excommunicated, and their opinions condemned. From 

 thi time Ignatius was allowed to rule the Greek Chun h without 

 opposition, and his episcopacy was adorned by many ChriM inn virtues, 

 and by a piety which long and severe persecution had chastened. He 

 died on tho 23rd of October 878, on which day the I irc>.-k and Roman 

 Churches still celebrate his memory. He was buried in the church of 

 St Sophia ; but his remains were afterwards transferred to that of 

 St Michael, near the Bosphoru*. The details of his life, are chiefly 

 drawn from NiceUa David, who had known him personally. 



ICNATIUS LOYOLA. [Loroi.A.] 



Ill UK, JoHAN. the most eminent of Swedish philologists, and often 

 called tha Swedish Varro, was descended from a .-coltish family which 

 originally bore th name of Eyre, and settled at Wisby, in the isle of 

 Gothland, before the island passed from the Danes to tho Swedes. He 

 was born on the 3rd of March 1707 at I/und, where bin father, Thomas 

 Hire, author "of an excellent Latin grammar entitled ' Horn a in Nuoe,' 

 was at that time professor of theology in the university. After the 



