649 



IHRE, JOHAN. 



INA. 



(60 



death of his fatber in 1720, he was brought up by the family of hi 

 mother, Brigitta Stench, whose father became Archbishop of Upsal 

 and whose brother was chosen archbishop at his father's death an 

 event to which there is no parallel in the ecclesiastical history o 

 Sweden, or perhaps of any other country. Young Ihre was sent bi 

 his grandfather to the University of Upsal, on quitting which at the 

 age of twenty-three with unexampled honours, he travelled abroac 

 for three years to complete his studies, passing most of his time a 

 Oxford, London, and Paris. His return to Upsal was followed by his 

 appointment in succession to the posts of under-librarian, secretary o 

 the Academy of Sciences, professor of poetry, professor of theology 

 and finally Skyttian professor of polite literature and political science 

 the latter one of the highest positions in the university, which he helc 

 for forty years. 



Ihre was remarkable for vivacity as well as learning, and this vivacity 

 led him occasionally into serious difficulties. Some expressions in one 

 of his disputations on the connection of natural and revealed religion 

 gave offence to several of his colleagues, who denounced him to the 

 government as heterodox ; but the authorities merely directed tha( 

 the matters in dispute should be made the subject of a public acade- 

 mical discussion, in which Ihre gained a complete triumph. In one ol 

 his political disputatious in 1745, ' De Pcena Innocentium,' he advanced 

 the singular doctrine that, if a powerful state should demand the sur- 

 render to it of one of the subjects of a weaker state, with a threat ol 

 hostilities in case of refusal, it would be the duty of the person 

 demanded to give himself up for the good of his country, which would, 

 in the case of bis objecting, have a right to sacrifice him for the com- 

 mon welfare. As at the time of the appearance of this disputation the 

 belief was general that Kussia was about to demand from the Swedish 

 court the surrender of Count Tessic, who opposed the Russian party, 

 it is not surprising that the count lodged a complaint against the 

 professor, which ended in Ihre's being condemned to pay a fine of 700 

 dollars. This affair seems not to have diminished the esteem in which 

 Ihre was held so much as might have been expected. It may perhaps 

 have led him to confine his attention more exclusively afterwards to 

 philology. The first occasion of his entering deeply into this study 

 was singular. The queen, Ulrika Eleonora, the sister and, according 

 to some Swedish historians, the murderess of Charles XII., had been 

 so especially charmed with the merits of the ' Lady's Library,' a sort of 

 'Whole Duty of Woman," edited by Sir Richard Steele, that she was 

 anxious to see it in Swedish. The Archbishop of Upaal, the second 

 Steuch, on whom she urged the task of translation, grew tired of it 

 after getting through a few chapters, and with her permission trans- 

 ferred it to his nephew. Ihre, in endeavouring to render Steele's 

 elegances into Swedish, found his native language less capable and 

 more stubborn than he had supposed it, but succeeded in publishing 

 a ' Fruntimmers-BibUothec ' (3 vols., Stockholm, 1734-38), which was 

 received with great approbation for the beauty of its style. The 

 reflections on the state of the Swedish language, which his experience 

 on this occasion induced him to make, were embodied in an 'Outline 

 of Lectures' on the subject, which was printed in 1751. This and 

 some other publications BO raised his reputation as a critic of Swedish 

 that, when he proposed to occupy himself in compiling a Swedish 

 glossary, the States of the kingdom voted him in 1756 a grant of 

 10,000 dollars. The year 1762 was originally named as that in which 

 the work was to be given to the public, and when the time had elapsed 

 without its completion, the States grew so indignant that in 1 768 it 

 was seriously proposed to make the professor refund a portion of the 

 money ; but the government interposed in his favour, and finally in 

 1769 the volumes appeared. " With this great work," to use the 

 language of PalmbUd's ' Biographical Dictionary,' " it may be said 

 that Swedish philology in a higher sense began and ended." The 

 ' Qlom>arium Suiogothicum ' (2 vols. folio, Upsal, 1769) is indeed a 

 mine from which most of the succeeding philological writers throughout 

 Europe have largely drawn. It consists of an extensive alphabetical 

 series of those Swedish words on which the author has remarks to 

 offer, and these remarks, which are couched in classical Latin, embrace 

 investigations as to the origin of each word, and as to its affinities in 

 nearly all the different languages of Europe except the Slavonic, with 

 which Ihro was unacquainted. The close connection between many 

 branches of the Swedish and English vocabularies renders his researches 

 nearly as available and useful to an English philologist as to a Swede. 

 It is observable however that, unless his printers have done him wrong, 

 his knowledge of our language was not very accurate. There is a 

 Swedish word ' makalbs,' meaning ' mateless ' or ' matchless,' which 

 Queen Christina in a strange whim caused to be inscribed in Greek 

 characters on a medal struck at Home, and which the antiquaries, 

 taking the medal to be ancient, made the subject of much discussion, 

 Kircher maintaining that the word was Coptic. Ihre, in mentioning it, 

 compares it with two English words, which he gives thus ' makelees' 

 and peerle*.' In spite however of trifling blemishes, the ' Glossarium ' 

 is a vast monument of learning, judgment, and ingenuity. After its 

 publication Ihre's reputation stood very high, and he died full of years 

 and honours on the 1st of December 1780, soon after the publication 

 of Lindahl and Ohrling's ' Lexicon Lapponicum,' the first dictionary 

 of the Lappish language, to which he contributed an excellent preface, 

 which is enlivened with flashes of humour. 

 Ihre was twice married, and the circumstances of his first marriage 



are often related as a proof of his youthful vivacity. Walking out with 

 a fellow-student when at the university, they saw a remarkably hand- 

 some young lady driving past in her carriage, and Ihre laid a wager 

 that he would contrive to kiss her. The method he adopted was 

 simply to go up and stop the carriage, and, getting on the foot-board, 

 inform the lady of the wager he had laid, and entreat her not to make 

 him lose it. He was a very handsome man, the lady blushed and 

 complied, and a few years afterwards she became his wife. His second 

 wife, whom he married in 1759, survived him, and died in 1822 at the 

 age of ninety-four. 



In addition to the works already mentioned, Ihre was the author 

 of 453 academical disputatious. Most of these were on philological 

 subjects, and many of first-rate excellence. A series on the Mcesogothic 



greatest teacher." He was also particularly successful in elucidating 

 the K.Ida. A lexicon of the Swedish ' Dialects," which he published 

 in 1766, is hardly considered worthy of his reputation. 



1'MOLA, INNOCE'NZIO DA, a pupil of Francia, and a distin- 

 guished painter, of the early half of the 16th century. His family 

 name was Francucci; he was born in the lat-er part of the 15th 

 century at Imola, whence his surname, but he lived chiefly at Bologna. 

 He painted from 1506 until 1549 : Vasari says he died aged fifty-six, 

 but this is apparently an error, or he must have commenced to paint 

 when only thirteen years of age. However, about 1506, he was placed 

 with Francia, and, according to Vasari, he studied also with Alberti- 

 nelli at Florence. In 1517 he produced what is now considered his 

 masterpiece. It is a large picture, now in the Academy at Bologna, 

 but formerly over the great altar of San Michele in Bosco, representing 

 in the lower part, the Archangel Michael vanquishing Satan, Saints 

 Peter and Benedict at the sides, and above in the clouds the Madonna 

 and Child surrounded by angels ; the whole is treated much in the 

 second manner of Raffnelle. It has been engraved by A. Marchi for 

 the ' 1'inacoteca di Bologna." There is also a very superior work by 

 him in the cathedral of Faeuza. Da Imola's style is termed by Lauzi 

 Raffitf llesco, and it appears that several of his works have passed for 

 the works of Raffaelle, that is, for works of his second style. He was 

 also a good fresco painter. 



INA, called also INAS, and IN, king of the West Saxons, and one 

 of the most distinguished kings of the heptarchy, was the sou of 

 Cenred, whose descent is carried up through Ceolwald, Cutha," and 

 Cuthwin, to Ceawlin, the third king of Wessex, the son of Cenric, 

 and the grandson of Cerdic, the founder of the monarchy. There 

 are some difficulties however about this account of the genealogy of 

 Ina, on which see a note in Sir F. Palgrave's ' Rise and Progress of 

 the English Commonwealth,' part i., p. 408. He succeeded Ceadwalla, 

 but how is not known, in 689, in the lifetime of his father Cenred ; 

 for a collection of laws which he published in the fifth year of his 

 reign are stated in the introductory paragraph to have been enacted 

 with the advice of Cenred and other counsellors. These laws of Ina, 

 which are probably in great part ratifications of older laws, are 

 seventy-nine in number : by them, to quote the summary of Dr. 

 Lingard, " he regulated the administration of justice, fixed the legal 

 compensation for crimes, checked the prevalence of hereditary feuds, 

 placed the conquered Britons under the protection of the state, and 

 exposed and punished the frauds which might be committed in the 

 transfer of merchandise and the cultivation of land." The first of the 

 ;reat military successes of Ina was achieved against the people of 

 Kent, who, some years before his accession, had slain Mollo, the 

 brother of Ceadwalla, but who, with their King Wihtred, were, in 692, 

 forced to submit to Ina, and to pay him the full were, or legal com- 

 pensation, for the murder of Mollo, which the Saxon Chronicle states 

 at 30,000 pounds of silver, and Malrnsbury, certainly by a great ex- 

 aggeration, at 30,000 marks of gold. In 710 we find Ina engaged in 

 war with the Britons of Cornwall, under their king Gerent or Geraint 

 Jn Latin, Gerontius or Geruntius), whom he finally subdued, and 

 even, it is said, compelled to resign his dominions. A subsequent 

 contest with Ceolred, king of Mercia, was terminated, in 716, by the 

 Battle of Woduesbeorhe, where however it is doubtful which side 

 obtained the victory. The last years of Ina's reign were disturbed by 

 ;he attempts of several pretenders to the throne one of whom, 

 called the Atheling Cynewulf or Cenulf, was slain in 721 ; and another 

 of whom, called Eadbyrht, after being driven from the castle of 

 Taunton, in which he had in the first instance fortified himself, was 

 ilaced at their head by the people of Sussex, and was not finally put 

 lown till 725, after a war of more than two years' duration. In 728 

 na, on the persuasion, it is said, of his wife Ethelburga, who was a 

 daughter of King Esctvin, the predecessor of Ceadwalla, resigned his 

 crowu in the Witenageinot, and retired to Rome, where he appears 

 ;o have lived for a few months in obscurity, and to have died before 

 he expiration of the year, his own death being soon followed by that of 

 lis wife. There seems to be no truth in the story told in the History 

 scribed to Matthew of Westminster, that ho founded an English 

 ichool or college at Rome, and established for its support the tax 

 called first Romescot, and afterwards Peter's Pence. He was however 

 a great benefactor of the church ; and the abbey of Glaatonbury in 

 articular was indebted to him for ample augmentations both of its 



