Ul 



1XCHHALD, MRS. ELIZABETH. 



INQLIS, Sin ROBKUT HARRY. 



651 



revenue* tad its privilege*. Ha U of eoone a great faTourita of the 

 mookiah historians; but in tliU instance their panegyric* aeam to 

 ban been deterred by U> real merits of Ina, both a* a warrior and 

 legislator. 



INCHBALD, MRS. ELIZABETH, whoag maiden nam was Simp- 

 on, wai th daughter of a Suffolk farmer reading near Bury St. 

 Edmund*. Sbe wai born in 1753. Prone to romantic notion*, and 

 loaing her father in youth, ahe ran away at the age of sixteen to aeek 

 her fortune, and endeavoured to procure an engagement as an actress 

 in London. After several adventures, she obtained a place in a 

 country theatre, and soon married Mr. Inchbald, a respectable actor, 

 much older than herself, with whom she lived for some yean in 

 mutual regard and comfort. Mr. and Mrs. Inchbald performed for 

 four ara*ons in Kdiubutyh, and, after an engagement at York, went to 

 France for a time. In 1 779 Mr. Inchbald died at Leeds ; and in the 

 winter of 1730-81 Mrs. Inchbald began to play secondary parti at 

 Covent Garden. She continued on the stage till 1789, but always 

 owed her favour with the public less to her merits as an actress than 

 to the sweetness of her face and manner, and to the blameless 

 character which the was known to maintain in private life. She had 

 begun to write dramatic pieces several years before her retirement 

 from the stage : the first of these, a slight afterpiece, was acted and 

 printed in 1784; and from that time till 1805 sho wrote plays in 

 rapid succession, producing nineteen in all, one of which, ' Lovers' 

 Vows,' is an adaptation from Kotzebue. Her dramatic genius was 

 not of a very high class : but several of her comedies had much 

 success, and one or two of them still keep their place on the stage. 

 They gained for her the means not only of supporting herself with 

 honourable economy, but of making a handsome allowance to an 

 invalid sister, and of saving a considerable sum. Her melodramatic 

 comedy of ' Such Things Are ' gained for her more than 4002. : as 

 much was produced by ' Wives as they Were and Maids as they Are ; ' 

 and for ' Every One has His Fault,' the most strongly characterised of 

 her plays, she received 700i She edited, with biographical and 

 critical remarks, ' The British Theatre,' a collection of acting plays, 

 25 vols., 1806-9; 'The Modern Theatre,' 10 vols., 1809; and a col- 

 lection of ' Farces,' 7 vols. Mrs. Inchbald's literary talents are best 

 exhibited by her two novels, 'A Simple Story,' first published in 

 1791, and 'Nature and Art,' in 1790. Both became extremely 

 popular, and deservedly so, and have been reprinted in our time in 

 collections of standard novels. She died on the 1st of August 1821. 

 She had written an account of her own life, but had refused an offer 

 of 1 0001. for it ; and, in obedience to her will, it was destroyed after 

 her death. But her journal, kept regularly for many years, was 

 preserved; and from it and her letters were written Mr. Boaden's 

 'Memoirs of Mrs. Inchbald,' 1833. 



* INGEMANN, BERNHARD SEVERIN, a popular Danish poet 

 and romance writer, was born on the 2Sth of May 1789,at Torkildstrup, 

 in the island of Falster. At the age of ten he lost his father, who 

 wai the parish-priest, but means were found of sending him to the 

 grammar school of SlageUe, and to the university of Copenhagen, 

 where in 1812 he won a gold medal for his answer to the prize 

 question, " In what relation do Poetry and Eloquence stand to each 

 other?" Already in tho preceding year he had published a volume 

 of lyric poems, which achieved a sudden popularity. A poem in six 

 cantos which followed, 'De Sorte Riddere' (The Black Knights), is 

 a mixture of epic and allegory, and as in its great prototype ' The 

 Faery Queen," the allegory was thought to injure the narrative. 

 Ingemann next turned his attention to the drama, and his name was 

 soon placed by the public side by Bide with that of Oehlenschliiger. 

 His tragedies of 'Blanca' and ' Masaniello,' especially the former, 

 were favourites on the stage, but the ill-success of ' The Shepherd of 

 Toloea,' which was acted only one night, appeal's to have disgusted 

 the poet with the theatre, and the plays he afterwards composed were 

 not intended for representation. Several of his dramatic works wero 

 analysed with translated extracts in Mr. Gillies's attractive series of 

 ' Hone Danica: ' in ' Blackwood's Magazine.' In a tour to Germany, 

 Switzerland, Italy, and France, which Ingemann commenced in 1818, 

 and which he afterwards celebrated by a volume of verses, ho com- 

 . at Rome a drama on the subject of Tasso. The fortunes of the 

 Italian poet Lave been made the theme of some of the finest compo- 

 sitions hi the various languages of Europe the ' Torquato Tasso ' 

 of Gothe, Byron's ' Lament of Tasso,' the ' Dying Tasso ' of 

 Batyushkov, and the ' Tasso's Deliverance ' of Ingemann. The pro- 

 ductions of the Russian and the Dane both turn on the circumstances 

 of Tasao's death. Not long after his return to Denmark Ingemann 

 produced a aeries of romances on the medieval history of the country. 



l _ .i-iim . ..*f 



one, ' Prince Otho of Denmark,' untranslated. The style of narrative 

 ii in imitation of Walter Scott, but tho incidents are kept in sub- 

 ordination to historical truth. The popularity of these romances in 

 Denmark was very great on their first appearance, probably from the 

 subject chosen ; the works themselves may more fitly be compared 

 with those of Mr. Q. P. R. James than those of Walter Scott. ' Queen 

 Margaret/ 'Ogierthe Dane,' and 'Kunnok and Naja, or the Green 

 lander*,' aro the titles of three of the more recent poems of logemonn, 



In 1822 he wits appointed professor of the DanUh language and 

 literature at the college or high-school of Soroe, a sort of Danish 

 Eton, and twenty yean afterwards, in 1842, he became the director of 

 the aame establishment. His fame, which has been for some time on 

 the decline, would probably have stood higher had he written lest. 

 A collection of his works has been published in Danish. 



INGEN-HOUSZ. JOHAN, a distinguished natural philosopher, was 

 born at Breda in 1730. For some years he practised medicine in that 

 city, and employed his leisure in the performance of experiments in 

 shemistry and electricity ; but at length quitting his native country 

 be came to London, where his discoveries in those branches of science 

 soon attracted the notice of the English philosophers, and led in 1789 

 x> his being elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He had the good 

 fortune to obtain an introduction to Sir John Pringle ; and this eelo- 

 Brated physician, immediately appreciating his merits, warmly encou- 

 raged him in the prosecution of his researches, and honoured him 

 with his esteem and friendship. He appears also occasionally to havo 

 corresponded with Franklin on the subject of electricity, which was 

 at that time rapidly rising in importance. 



The reputation of Ingen-housz as a physician must have been great, 

 'or the Empress Maria Theresa, who hod lost two of her children by 

 the small-pox, having directed her ambassador in London to consult 

 Sir Johu Pringle respecting the choice of a physician whom she might 

 invite to her court for the purpose of inoculating the young princes 

 and princesses of the imperial family, Sir John, then president of the 

 lloyal Society, without hesitation recommended Dr. Ingen-housz ; the 

 latter, accepting the invitation, set out, in 1772, for Vienna, where he 

 performed the operations with complete success. The example of the 

 sovereign was followed by the nobility of Austria, and the children 

 of the highest families of the country were inoculated by Ingen-housz 

 or under his immediate inspection. The empress, in testimony of her 

 sense of his merit and attention, gave him the titles of Aulic Councillor 

 and Imperial Physician, and accompanied these honours with the graut 

 of a pension, which he enjoyed during the rest of his life. 



During his residence on the Continent, Ingeu-housz visited Italy, 

 where he made experiments on the torpedo, France, and various parts 

 of Germany ; and at intervals continued to prosecute his researches in 

 electricity and magnetism, and on the air produced by plants. While 

 at Vienna the Emperor Joseph II. honoured him with especial notice, 

 inviting him frequently to the palace, and occasionally visiting him at 

 his own house, in order to witness the performance of his philosophical 

 experiments. After an absence of several years, Dr. Ingen-housz 

 returned to England, where he continued to prosecute his experi- 

 ments ; and an account of an electrophone, which he had invented, is 

 described in the ' Philosophical Transactions ' for 1 778. About the 

 same time he made the discovery that plants exposed to the light 

 while growing discharge oxygen gas from their leaves into the atmos- 

 phere; and on account of his researches relating to this subject was 

 published in London in 1779, under the title of ' Experiment! upon 

 Vegetables, discovering the power of Purifying the Air in the Sun- 

 shine and of Injuring in tho Shade,' &c. The work was translated 

 into French by the author, and published in Paris in 1780. 



la the 'Philosophical Transactions ' for 1779 there is an account of 

 an electrical machine, which about that time Dr. Ingen-housz had 

 constructed, and which probably led to the invention of the plate 

 electrical machine, which U generally ascribed to Ingon-housz. Dr. 

 Ingen-housz died an the 7th of September 1799. 



Dr. Ingen-housz published in English a work entitled ' New Expe- 

 riments and Observations concerning Various Physical Subjects,' which 

 was translated into French and published iu Paris. He also published 

 in French a work entitled 'Essai sur la Nourriture dos Plantes,' which 

 was translated into English and published in London in 1798. 



INGH1RAMI, CAVALIER FRANCESCO, a distinguished Italian 

 archaeologist, was born in 1772, at Volterra in Tuscany. From the 

 completion of his education he devoted himself with unwearied 

 diligence to the study of ancient art. He wrote several papers in the 

 artiutic and antiquarian journal*, which secured him a high place 

 among the Italian art authorities ; but tho work which acquired for 

 him a European reputation was the splendid publication entitled 

 ' Monumenti Etruschi,' of which the first part appeared iu 1821, and 

 which was finally completed, in 6 vols. 4to, in 1826. This great work 

 was intended to comprise a complete survey of all the existing remains 

 of ancient Etruria; and it has formed tho great treasury of all subse- 

 quent writers on Etruscan antiquities ami the Etruscan people. His 

 other more important works arc ' Lottere di Etrusca Krudizioue,' 

 8vo, 1828-30; 'Oallcria Oineriea,' 3 vols. 8vo, 1829-31, a work intended 

 to illustrate the 'Iliad' and 'Odyssey' by the monuments of antiquity ; 

 'Pitture di Van Fittili esibite dal Cav. F. Inghirami,' 4 vols. 4to, 

 1835-37, in which it was his avowed object to illustrate the mythology 

 ami the history of the ancients; and ' Storia della Toscana ed in sette, 

 Epoche distribuita,' 16 vols. 12mo, 1841-43, tho lost two volumes 

 being devoted to the bibliography and index. He also wrote many 

 memoirs and papers on particular points in archaeology and history 

 in the ' Archive Stotico Italiano,' &c. Cavalier Itighirami was for 

 several years keeper of tho Laurentino Library at Florence. He died 

 on the 17th of May 1846. 



INGLIS, SIR ROBERT HARRY, BART., many years M.P. for the 

 University of Oxford, was the only sou of Sir Hugh Inglis, Bart, 



