553 



INGRES, JEAN-DOMINIQUE-AUGUSTE. 



INNOCENT IL 



651 





formerly chairman of the East India Company. He was born in 

 1786, and received his early education at Winchester, and Christ- 

 church, Oxford. Soon after taking his degree, he became private 

 secretary to the late Viscount Sidmouth, and was appointed by him 

 one of the commissioners for settling the affairs of the Carnatic. In 

 1824 he entered parliament as member for Dundalk, a borough at that 

 time in the patronage of the Earl of Roden. In 1826 he was elected 

 for Ripon, the representation of which borough he resigned in the 

 spring of 1829, in order to contest the University of Oxford against 

 the late Sir Robert Peel, when the latter accepted the Chiltern Hun- 

 dreds on introducing the Roman Catholic Relief Bill. From that time 

 he continued to represent the University until January 1853, when he 

 retired from parliamentary life, and was sworn a member of the Privy 

 Council His public life was devoted to the cause of Church aud 

 State, upon which question he inherited the ancient opinions of Lords 

 Sidmouth and Liverpool ; he steadily opposed the Repeal of the Test 

 and Corporation Act?, the Roman Catholic Relief and Reform Bills, 

 and the admission of Jews into parliament, and every measure which 

 he religiously thought would tend to unchristianise the legislature. 

 On these points his opposition was strong and consistent, though 

 to a certain extent characterised by partiality and prejudice. He took 

 an active part in the management of the religious societies of the 

 Established Church, and also of the learned societies of the metropolis. 

 In private life he was highly respected as an amiable and accomplished 

 gentleman. He died in Bedford Square, London, May 5, 1855. 



* INGRES, JEAN-DOMINIQUE-AUGUSTE, an eminent French 

 painter, was born at Montauban in August 1781. By his father he 

 was designed for a musician, but as lie grew towards manhood his 

 taste for painting became so decided that his father at length con- 

 sented to gratify his ardent longing, and after some preparatory 

 instruction from a provincial paint T, he was placed in the atelier of 

 David. Here his progress was very rapid, and he soon came to be 

 regarded as one of the most promising of that artist's pupils. On 

 leaving David, he spent fifteen years at Rome and four years at Florence, 

 before he settled in Paris. He had from an early period abandoned 

 David's manner, though it was then at its highest popularity, aud 

 adopted a freer and leas formally academic one, though in the 

 long course of years during which he has pursued his art his style 

 has in its turn come to be regarded as too much characterised by 

 classicism and an antiquated prcciseness of manner. It is now con- 

 siderably more than half a century since M. Ingres obtained his first 

 artistic success winning in 1800 the second and in 1S01 the first 

 prize of the Academic des Beaux Arts, He has ever since steadily 

 prosecuted hi* profession, and though the veteran might long since 

 have reposed on big laurels, he has never ceased to paint, and this 

 present year (1856) he has completed a picture of 'The Birth of the 

 Hoses presided over by Jupiter,' which contains some fifteen figures, 

 and is said to be elaborately finished. Of course it would be impos- 

 sible to give a list of even the more important productions of a painter 

 so industrious as M. Ingres and of such long standing, and one to 

 whose works an entire salon was appropriated at the great exposition 

 of 1855 ; it may suffice therefore to say that several of his historical 

 and classical paintings have been purchased by successive governments 

 and now adorn the public museums of France ; that he painted the 

 ceiling of one of the apartments of the Louvre, the subject being the 

 'Apotheosis of Homer;' that he has painted portraits of a large 

 number of royal aud distinguished Frenchmen from Napoleon I. (his 

 portrait of whom painted in 1806 is now in the Hotel dcs Invalides) 

 downward ; and that he has made designs for the stained glass 

 windows of some churches and chapels (particularly those of St. 

 Ferdinand and Dreux) which are regarded by his countrymen as models 

 in that department of art. A volume of 102 engravings by M. Reveil 

 from the principal paintings of Ingres, was published at Paris in 1851, 

 and an examination of it will give a good general idea of his style. 



M. Ingres after his return to Paris was made professor in the Ecole 

 des Beaux Arts. In 1829 he was appointed to succeed Horace Vernet 

 as director of the Academy at Rome, and his services as chief of that 

 important institution have been highly eulogised, though, as was 

 almost inevitable, they have not escaped severe adverse criticism ; 

 indeed it has been the lot of M. Ingres to have to sustain more perse- 

 vering depreciation, as well as extravagant praise, than almost any of 

 his eminent artUtic contemporary countrymen. In 1834 M. Ingres 

 was nominated Chevalier, and in 1845 Commander of the Legion of 

 Honour. He was elected Member of the Institute in 1825. 



INGULPHUS, the author, or pretended author of a work entitled 

 ' Hutoria Monasterii Croylandensis ' (the ' History of tho Monastery 

 of Croy land, or Crowland, in Lincolnshire '), which has been considered 

 one of the most valuable of our ancient historical monuments. The 

 facts of the life of Ingulpbus are nearly all found in this work, and 

 in the continuation of it by Peter of Blois. According to the account 

 there given, Ingulphus was the son of English parents, was born in 

 London about the year 1030, and was educated, first at Westminster, 

 and afterwards at Oxford, where he speaks of having imbued himself 

 especially in the study of the philosophy of Aristotle and the rhetorical 

 books of Tully. It was apparently before he went to Oxford that he 

 obtained the notice of Edgitha, or, as he calls her, Egitha, the queen 

 of the Confessor, whom, he tells us, he used often to see when, being 

 yet a boy, he went to visit bis father, who lived in the palace (in regis 



curia morantem). The queen, he says, when she met him, used to 

 examine him in grammar and dispute with him in logic, and never 

 dismissed him without some pecuniary mark of her favour or ordering 

 him to be taken to have something in the buttery. His proper intro- 

 duction to court however did not take place till some years after this. 

 " When," he says, in another place, " I had become a young man 

 (adolescentior), disdaining the poverty (exiguitatem) of my parents, I 

 became every day more aud more impatient to leave my paternal lares, 

 and, affecting the palaces of kings or princes, to be invested and 

 clothed in soft and splendid raiment." He accordingly contrived to 

 get himself introduced to Duke William of Normandy when that 

 prince visited the court of the Confessor in 1051, and he made himself 

 so acceptable to William, that he took him with him on his return 

 to the Continent, and made him his prime-minister, with unbounded 

 power, which Ingulphus confesses that he did not exercise with 

 much discretion. However after some years he relinquished this 

 situation to accompany Sigfrid, duke of Mentz, on a pilgrimage to the 

 Holy Land, which turned out a very disastrous adventure. On his 

 return, Ingulphus became a monk in the abbey of Fontenelle, in 

 Normandy. Here he remained till 1076, when he came over to 

 England on the invitation of his old master, now seated on the throne 

 of that country, and was appointed abbot of Croyland. Through 

 the favour of the king and Archbishop Lanfranc he was enabled to 

 be of great service to this monastery, which was indebted to him 

 both for the re-edification of its buildings, destroyed two centuries 

 before by the Danes, and for a great extension of its privileges aud 

 immunities. Here he resided till his death, on the 17th of December 

 1109. A tract on the miracles of St. Guthlac (the patron of Croyland) 

 is attributed to Ingulphus ; but the only work claiming to be his 

 that is now extant is his History already mentioned. This production 

 was first printed in an imperfect form in Sir Henry Savile's ' Rerum 

 Anglicarum Scriptores post Bedam Praecipui,' fol., Loud., 1596, and 

 Francof., 1601 ; it was printed entire, along with the continuation by 

 Peter of Blois, in the ' Rerum Anglicarum Seriptorum Veterum, tomus 

 primus,' fol., Oxon, 1684 (commonly called Fell's, or the first volume 

 of Gale's Collection). In this last edition the work of Ingulphus, 

 which is in some degree a history of the kingdom as well as of the 

 monastery of Croyland, and extends from the year 664 to 1089, fills 

 107 pages ; and the continuation, extending to 1117, twenty-five 

 more. Scarcely any of our early histories contains so many curious 

 incidents and notices as are found in this work ; and until lately its 

 authenticity was not suspected, though Henry Wharton ('Origines 

 Britannic;e ') and after him Hicks and others pointed out many 

 passages which if the work were authentic must have been interpo- 

 lations. A very formidable attack however was at length made upon 

 its claims to be regarded as anything better than 'an historical novel, 1 

 a mere monkish invention or forgery of a later age, by Sir Francis 

 Palgrave, in an article in the ' Quarterly Review ' for June 1826 

 (No. 67, pp. 289, &c.) ; aud though othec critics have not entirely 

 adopted his trenchant denunciation, there seems to be a general 

 disposition to acquiesce in the. belief that the greater part of the 

 Chronicle is the work of a much later writer than Ingulphus. 

 Palgrave has placed its composition in the 13th or 14th centuries; and 

 there seems good reason to believe that all that relates to the charters 

 of the Abbey is at least as late as the 14th century. A translation 

 of the Chronicle ascribed to Ingulphus, with its continuation by Peter 

 of Blois, &c., by Mr. T. H. Riley, forms a volume of Bonn's ' Anti- 

 quarian Library,' and in tho Introduction the question of tho 

 authenticity of the Chronicle is discussed : see also Wright's Biog. 

 Brit Literaria ; Anglo-Norman period ; Lappenberg, &o. 



INNOCENT I. succeeded Anastasius I. as Bishop of Rome in the 

 year 482. He wrote to the Emperor Arcadius in favour of St. John 

 Chrysostom, who had been deposed from his see and exiled from 

 Constantinople. When Alaric marched against Rome, Innocent pro- 

 ceeded to Ravenna in order to induce the Emperor Honorius to make 

 peace with him, but meantime Alaric entered Rome and plundered it. 

 He urged more than any of his predecessors the claims of the see of 

 Rome to a superiority over tho whole Western Church, and the style 

 of his letters in addressing bishops is remarkably imperious. He also 

 issued a decretal against the marriage of priests. The bishops of Africa 

 having applied to him to confirm their decrees against the Pelagians, 

 he willingly complied with their request. He died in the year 417, 

 and was succeeded by Zosiums. Innocent's letters and decretals have 

 been collected and published by Constant. 



INNOCENT II., CARDINAL GREGORIO PAPI, was elected by his party, 

 after the death of Honorius II. in 1130, but another party elected a 

 candidate who took the name of Anacletus II. An affray between the 

 adherents of the two followed this double election, and Innocent waa 

 obliged to leave Rome and repair by sea to France. That kingdom as 

 well as several Italian states acknowledged him a? pope, but Roger of 

 Sicily, the conqueror of Apulia, took part with Anacletus, who in 

 return crowned him king of Sicily and Apulia, in 1130, at Palermo. 

 Innocent meantime crowned tho king of Germany, Lotharius, at 

 Liege, as king of the Romans, and Lotharius in 1133 marched with 

 troops into Italy to put an end to the schism by placing Innocent on 

 the see of Rome, which city he entered, and was himself crowned 

 emperor by Innocent in the Basilica of the Lateran. Anacletus however 

 hut himself up in the castle St. Angelo, and the emperor, not being 



