INNOCENT XII. 



IRELAND, SAMUEL. 



too 



month* t Home without being able to * the pope, WH obliged to 

 return to Fnncc with hii credential* unopened. The quarrel wu not 

 nude up till the following pontificate : but the dUtrict immunities of 

 the foreign ambassador* at Home continued partly, and with some 

 modification*, till the beginning of the 19th century. The Piaua di 

 Bpagna, and iome of the adjacent itreeU, were under the protection 

 oftiie Spanish ambsiaador. Innocent died in August 1639, and was 

 succeeded by Alexander VIII. (Botta, Stona a" Italia.) 



INNOCKNT XII., CARDINAL AHTOKIO PIONATKLU, of Naples, suc- 

 ceeded Alexander VIII. in July 1691. He had a serious dispute with 

 the Emperor Leopold L, who, attempting to revive in Italy the rights 

 of the Empire over the former imperial fiefs, which had during the 

 war* and viciatitudea of sges become emancipated, published an edict, 

 which was fixed up at Rome in June 1697, enjoining all the possessors 

 of such territories to apply to the emperor for his investiture within 

 .a fixed time, or they would be considered as usurpers and rebels. 

 Thi measure, if enforced, would have affected the greater part of the 

 landed property of Italy, and also the sovereignty of its government*, 

 and of the Roman see among the rest The pope protested against 

 the edict, and advised the other Italian powers to resist such obsolete 

 pretensions; and, being supported by the court of France, he suc- 

 ceeded in persuading Leopold to desist from them. Innocent built 

 the harbour of Porto d'Anzo, on the ruins of the ancient Antium ; he 

 constructed the aqueduct of Civita Vecchia; the palace of the Monte 

 Citorio at Rome, for the courts of justice ; and the tiue line of buildings 

 at Kipagraude, on the north bank of the Tiber, below the town, where 

 vessel* which ascend the river load and unload. lie also built the 

 asylum, schools, and penitentiary of San Michele, and other useful 

 works. Innocent was of regular habits, attentive to business, a lover 

 of justice, and averse from nepotism, lie died in September 1700, at 

 the age of eighty-six, and was succeeded by Clement XL 



INNOCENT XIII., CARDINAL MICHEL ANQELO CO.NTI, succeeded 

 Clement XL in May 1721. He was a man of prudence and experience 

 of the world, and leas wilful and headstrong thau his predecessor. 

 [CLEMENT XL] He obtained of the emperor the restitution of 

 Comacchio. Hi* pontificate was short, aa he died in March 1724, and 

 was succeeded by Benedict XIII. 



IN'NVOOD, the family name of three architects, father and two 

 sons, who constructed many public and private buildings in London 

 and elsewhere. 



WILLIAM IHWOOD was born about the year 1771. His father, Daniel 

 Inwoo'i, wan bailiff to Lord Mansfield, at Caen Wood, Highgate, near 

 London. William Inwood was brought up to the professions of 

 architect and surveyor. He was employed as steward to Lord 

 Colchester, was surveyor to a large number of persons, and several 

 architects who subsequently attained celebrity were instructed by 

 him. He had two sous, one or other of whom was employed conjointly 

 with himself in most of his larger works of architecture, and he was 

 wisted generally in all his professional pursuits by both. He died 

 March 16th 1843, aged about seventy-two. He was the author of 

 ' Tables for the Purchasing of Estates, Freehold, Copyhold, or Lease- 

 hold ; Annuities, and for the Renewing of Leases held under Cathedral 

 Churches, Colleges, or other Corporate Bodies, for Terms of Years 

 oerUiu and for Lives, &c.,' 8vo, London, 1811, a work founded on 

 those of Baily and Smart. It principally differs from previous works 

 in giving the value* to years and quarters, as well as to decimals of a 

 year ; the former being intended for those who cannot read decimal 

 fractions. 



HESRY WILLIAM INWOOD, the eldest son of William Inwood, was 

 born May 22nd 1794. He was brought up by his father to his own 

 profession*. He was several yean in Greece, and examined with great 

 care the architectural remains at Athens and elsewhere, nnd made 

 plans and drawings of them. He assisted his father in most of his 

 architectural pursuits, especially in designing and constructing St. 

 Pancras Church ; and had he not suffered so much OB he did for many 

 years from ill health, would probably have attained to great eminence 

 as an architect. His death is supposed to have occurred on the 20th 

 of March 1848, about which time a ship in which he had tailed for 

 Spain wa* wrecked, and all on board perished. 



Henry Inwood published in 1827 'The Ereotheion at Athens, 

 Fragments of Athenian Architecture, &c., illustrated with Thirty-nine 

 Plates,' The work, which consists of 162 page* exclusive of the plates 

 (engraved by Nicholson), i< printed on elephant paper of very large 

 ire. and was published by subscription. He hod also commenced a 

 work entitled ' Of the Resource* of Design in the Architecture of 

 Greece, Egypt, and other Countries, obtained by the Studies of the 

 Architect* of thote Countries from Nature,' 4to, London, 1831, with 

 explanatory engravings. Two parU were published, but owing to ill 

 health and his untimely death the work was never completed. He 

 collected many fo**iU and remains of ancient art, most of which are 

 now in the BritUh Museum. 



CUARLB FUDKRIC IxwooD, second ion of William Inwood, born 

 November 28th 1798, beaide* assisting his father in his work*, was the 

 architect of the church of All Saint* at Great Marlow, in Bucking- 

 hamshire, which was completed in 1835. He also built the St. 1'aucra* 

 National School in Southampton Street, Eustou Square, a large plain 

 brick building of little architectural pretension. He died in May 1840 

 aged forty-two. 



St. Pancra* Church, New Road, London, which was the conjoint 

 work of William Inwood and his son Henry, is in its kind unique 

 among the churches of the metropolis. The building was commenced 

 July 1st 1819, wa. completed May 7th 1822, and cost 76,7691 The 

 exterior of the body of the church is, with certain necessary deviation*, 

 an imitation of the Ionic temple called the Erectheiou on the Acro|>olia 

 at Athens ; the tower is an adaptation from the building commonly 

 called the Tower of the Wind* also at Athens, which is properly the 

 iorologium, or water-clock, of Andronicus Cyrrhestes. The measure- 

 ment* and drawing* of thece building* were made by Henry Inwood 

 on the spot. The semicircular apsis at the east end of the church sup- 

 ilies the place of the straight west wall of the Pandrosion, or temple of 

 I'audrosos, which adjoined the Erectheiou at the west end. The two 

 covered buildings which project from each side of the east end, forming 

 the entrances to the catacombs of the church, ore adaptations from the 

 south portico of the Pandrosion. The caryatid figures, of which there 

 were six, four in front and one at each side, were in the place of 

 column*, and supported the pediment of the south portico of tho 

 Pandrosion ; the opposite north portico had columns. There is one 

 of the original caryatid figures in tho Elgin Room of the British 

 Museum. The sarcophagus beneath each roof indicate* the purpose 

 "or which the projecting buildings have been constructed. The two 

 Ionic half-columns engaged in tho wall*, on both sides of tho west end, 

 are additions made to form nn apparent basis for the tower. The 

 windows are adaptations modelled in accordance with the form of the 

 doors. Grecian temples had no windows ; large temples bad a central 

 portion of tho roof open to the sky ; small temples generally received 

 light only from the door, which was wide and lofty. The octagonal 

 tower, with its two range* of eight columns each, in its form and general 

 effect combines well with the building and portico, and is in itself a 

 beautiful object. In the interior the galleries aro supported by elegant 

 slender columns. The ceiling U flat, and formed into a number of 

 ornamented panels. 



The Westminster Hospital, near the west end of Westminster Abbey, 

 was built by William Inwood in conjunction with his son Charles. It 

 was begun in 1832, completed in 1834, and cost 27,5001. The archi- 

 tecture is Tudor Gothic, the material is gray Suffolk brick, with Btoue 

 facings. It U quite plain, except the front and the truncated angles 

 which connect the front with the two ends. The front extends about 

 200 feet in length, and is 72 feet high in the centre, which projects 

 slightly, and is a story higher than the two wing*. There are in all 

 260 windows. The brick harmonises well with the stone portico and 

 dressings, and the general appearance of the front is very handsome. 

 The interior arrangements and ventilation are excellent. 



William Inwood also built the Regent Square Chapel, opened in 

 1826; the Camden Town Chapel, opened in 1824 ; and Somers Chapel, 

 in Seymour Street, opened in 1826 all of which are chapels of easa 

 to St. Poucras Church. He also built numerous other structures, 

 mansions, villa', barracks, warehouses, ic. 



I I'll I 'CRATES, an Athenian general, most remarkable for a happy 

 innovation upon the ancient routine of Greek tactics, which he intro- 

 duced in the course of that general war which was ended u.c. 387 by 

 the peace of Autalcidas. This, like most improvements upon the earlier 

 methods of warfare, consisted in looking, for each individual soldier, 

 rather to the means of offence than of protection. Iphicrates laid 

 aside the weighty panoply, which the regular infantry, composed of 

 Greek citizens, had always worn, and substituted a light target for the 

 large buckler, and a quilted jacket for the coat of mail ; at the same 

 time he doubled the length of the sword, usually worn thick and short, 

 and increased in the same, or, by some accounts, in a greater propor- 

 tion, the length of the spear. It appears that the troops whom he 

 thus armed and disciplined (not Athenian citizens, who would hardly 

 have submitted to the necessary discipline, but mercenaries following 

 his standard, like the Free Companions of the middle ages), also carried 

 missile javelins ; and that their favourite mode of attack was to venture 

 within throw of the heavy column, the weight of whoso charge they 

 could not havo resi-to.l, trusting in their individual agility to baffle 

 pursuit. When once the close order of the column was broken, its 

 individual soldiers were overmatched by the longer weapons and unen- 

 cumbered movements of the lighter infantry. In this way Iphicratej 

 and his targotiers (peltastro), as they were called, gained so many 

 successes that the IVloponnesian infantry dared not encounter them, 

 except the Laccdicmonians, who said in scoff that their allies feared 

 the targetitrs as children fear hobgoblins. Thoy were themselves 

 taught the value of this new force, ao. 392, when Iphicrates waylaid 

 and cut off nearly the whole of a Laoediemonian battalion. The loss 

 in men wo* of no great amount, but that heavy -armed Lacedaemonians 

 should be defeated by light-armed mercenaries wa* a marvel to Greece, 

 and a severe blow to the national reputation and vanity of .Sp.irta. 

 Accordingly this action raised the credit of Iphicrates extremely high. 

 He commanded afterwards in tho Hellespont, u.o. 339 ; in Egypt, at 

 the request of tho Persians, n.c. 374 ; . relieved Corey ra in 373, and 

 served with credit on other less important occasions. The date of his 

 death is not known. (Xen., 7/rU; Diod. ; Corn. Nep.) 



IRELAND, SAMUEL, was born in London, and was in early 

 life a mechanic in Spitalfield*. He afterwards became a dealer in 

 curiosities, and resided in Norfolk-street, Strand. He possessed some 

 skill in drawing, learnt to engrave, and, ill order to turn these acquire- 



