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ISABELLA OF CASTILE. 



ISAIAH. 



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ISABELLA OP CASTILE. [COLUMBOS; FERDINAND V.] 

 ISABEY, JEAN UAl'TISTE, an eminent French miniature painter, 

 wu bora at Nancy on the 1 Itli of April 1787. Having received elemen- 

 tary instruction in art under Claudot and Duiuout, he, in 1790, entered 

 the atelier of David, with a view to beeomiog an historical painter. 

 Bat he commrnced hii profeuional career by taking portraits in black 

 crayons, a style which in his hands, by a free use of the stump, pro- 

 duced very pleasing effects; and beeomiog extremely popular, was 

 usually called by bis name. One of his meet successful pieces in this 

 mauner was a portrait of Napoleon I. in the garden of Malmaison, 

 the engraving from which, by Lingo*, bod a great run. This style 

 wms however soon abandoned by Isabey, who, having resolved to try 

 whether, by carrying the principles of high art into miniature-painting, 

 be could not elevate that branch of art in public estimation, executed 

 in 1802 a piece of unusual sice, containing numerous small figure*, of 

 ' Le Itovue Je premier Consul dans la cour des Tuilleries.' It caught 

 the public taste, and established the painter's reputation, as the firit 

 in his line. From that time Isabey was the most fashionable miniature- 

 painter of the day. Whilst Napoleon I. was a plain officer of artillery, 

 Isabey had been on terms of friendship with him, and when the empire 

 was founded Isabey continued in favour, and waa appointed miniature- 

 painter in ordinary to the emperor. In thia capacity he painted many 

 miniature-portraits of Napoleon I., the empress, the young king of 

 Uouie his BOD, the members of the Bonaparte family, and the favourite 

 courtiers and general*. Among the most famous of the imperial 

 picture* was one on a large flab of porcelain, representing Napoleon I. 

 and the most illustrious of his generals, and known as the ' Table des 

 Wan'chaui.' Besides the portraits, he executed several court and 

 ceremonial piece*, one of which, a ' Visile de 1'Kmpereur ii la Manu- 

 facture d'Uberkauipf a Uouy,' wrs greatly admired. He was likewise 

 entrusted with the direction of works relative to the coronation of 

 the emperor, when he was named officer of the Legion of Honour. 



On the first abdication of Napoleon I., Isabey accompanied the em- 

 press Marie Louise to Vienna, where he painted a large tablet of 

 One of the Conferences at the Congress of Vienna,' chiefly remarkable 

 for the faithful likeneeses of the numerous important personages 

 assembled. On Napoleon's return from Elba, Isabey repaired to 

 Paris, and propitiated the emperor by presenting him with a miniature 

 of his son, which he had just painted at Vienna. The restoration of 

 the Bourbons brought no loss of fortune to Isabey ; but a picture 

 which he exhibited at the Salon in 1817 of 'A Child playing with 

 Flowers,' caused some 'sensation' among the Parisians, from the 

 child, who wu holding up a bunch of forget-me-nota, bearing a 

 striking resemblance to the young Napoleon. The ' Constitutional ' 

 having ventured to make a pointed allusion to the likeness, received 

 a warning from the police. Isabey soon after accepted an invitation 

 to the court of St. Petersburg, where he painted the emperor Alex- 

 ander, the empress, the grand-dukes Nicholas and Michael, and many 

 of the magnates of the court. On his return to Paris he painted the 

 portrait of Louis XVIII., and as long as he continued to paint he found 

 ample occupation ; his sitters, it is said, having included most of the 

 sovereigns, as well as a large proportion of the most distinguished 

 personages, of Europe. Isabey survived till the 18th of April 1855. 

 He may be said to have formed a new school of miniature-painters 

 in France. His likenesses have much character, and arc generally 

 esteemed faithful. His style is marked by force as well sa delicacy, 

 but, almost necessarily from tho numberless works he executed, also 

 by a good deal of mannerism. 



ISABEY, EUGENE-LOUIS-QABRIEL, son of the preceding, and 

 who has attained scarcely less distinction as a marine-painter than his 

 atber did as a miniature-painter, was born ut Paris on the 22nd of 

 July 1804. Carefully instructed under the superintendence of his 

 father, his first works showed the hand of a finished artist. In 1821, 

 and again in 1826, he received the first-class medal (genre et marine) ; 

 and his pictures exhibited at the Salon in 1827, the ' Plage d'Honfleur,' 

 and ' Vue Interieure du Port de Trouville ' (purchased by the Duchesso 

 de Bern), at once placed him, in the estimation of the Parisians, in 

 rivalry with their favourite Gudin. Among the more important of his 



now in the museum of Toulouse; ' Louis Philippe recevant la Reino 

 Victoria au TnSport,' and ' Le Depart de la Reine d'Angletcrre ' (1845), 

 both painted for the citizen kiug ; ' Ccrcmonio dons 1'Eglise de Delft' 

 (1847) ; 'L'Embarquement de Kuyter' (1851), now in the Luxembourg ; 

 and several views of French ports. 



The earlier pictures of Isabey are careful in drawing and execution, 

 but somewhat sombre in colour. Hia later works the critics dating 

 bis change of style from about J840 are bolder in design, and more 

 vigorous in execution, but fur more conventional. He affects a rough 

 mode of handling, strong impasto, and great exaggeration of chiaros- 

 curo and colour. Eugene Isabey was nominated a Chevalier of the 

 Legion of Honour in 1832, and an officer of that order in 1852. At 

 the Universal Exposition of 1855 ho was awarded a first-claw medal. 

 : . US, one of the ten Athenian orators, was a native of Chalcis, 

 or, according to other accounts, of Athens. Diouysius could not 

 ascertain tho time of his birth or death. So much as thia appears 

 certain : the vigour of his talent belonged to the period after the 



Peloppnneaian war, and he lived to seo the time of King Philip. 

 Hermippus, who wrote the live* of the pupils of Isocrates, has 

 recorded nothing more of lanua than that he was a pupil of Isocrates, 

 instructed Demosthenes, and enjoyed tho society of the chief philo- 

 sophers of his time. 



The author of the ' Life of Iiecus,' attributed to Plutarch, mentions 

 filly-four orations of Isus, tifty of which were allowed to be genuine. 

 At present there are only eleven extant, all of which are of the 

 forensic class (kAyoi Suuunxoi), and all treat of matters relating to 

 wills and the succession to the property of testator*, or persons 

 intestate, or to disputes originating in such matters. These orations 

 are valuable for the insight which they give us into the laws of Athens 

 as to the disposition of property by will, and in cases of intestacy, 

 and also as to many of the forms of procedure. Dionysius, in his 

 laboured comparison between LysUs and INCUS, sums up as follows : 

 " In reading Lysias one would not suppose that anything is said 

 either in au artificial manner or without perfect sincerity, but evi-ry- 

 thing appears natural and true ; thus forgetting that it is the height 

 of art to imitate nature, lu reading Isajus one has jut the 

 contrary feeling ; nothing appears to be spoken naturally and without 

 an effort, not even what really is 10 spoken ; but everything seems 

 of set purpose, framed to deceive, or for some other sinister end. 

 One would believe Lysias, though he were stating what was false; 

 one cannot, without some feeling of distrust, assent to IBSCUI-, 

 when he speaks tho truth." Again : " Lysias seems to nim at truth, 

 but Istous to follow art : tho one strives to please, the other to produce 

 effect" 



Dionysius adda that, in his opinion, with Isicua originated that 

 vigour and energy of style which hU pupil Demosthenes carried to 

 perfection. So far as the extant specimens of IMOUS enable us to 

 form on opinion, this judgment appears to be just. The p.-rci.icuity 

 and the artless simplicity of the style of Lysias are admirable ; but 

 on reading Isxus we feel that we have to do with a subtle disputant 

 and a close reasouer, whose arguments are strong aud pointed, but 

 have too much the appearance of studied effect, and for that reason 

 often fail to convince. 



The beat editions of the text of Isccus are those by Bckkcr aud 

 Schomau. The oration on the ' Inheritance of Meuecles ' waa first 

 published by Tyrwhitt, London, 1785 ; and that on the ' Inheritance 

 of Cleonymus ' first appeared in its complete form at Milan, 1815, by 

 Aug. Mai. The translation of Isicus by Sir William Jones (1779, 4 to) 

 will give an English reader a sufficient notion of this orator ; but the 

 translation is somewhat deficient in critical accuracy, and also wanting 

 in force. 



ISAIAH, one of the greatest of the Hebrew prophets, lived during 

 the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah (Is. i. 1 ; vii. 1 ; xiv. 

 28; xxii. ; xxxvi.-xxxviii.), aud was contemporary with the pr< 

 Amos, Hoses, Joel, and Micah. We possess no particulars iu tho Old 

 Testament respecting the place of his birth or his history ; but we 

 learn from the inscription of the book that he was the sou of Am<u, 

 who was, according to one Jewish tradition, the brother of Auiaziah, 

 king of Judah ; but according to another was considered to be tho 

 same person at tho prophet Amos. The latter tradition is evidently 

 wrong ; since the name of the prophet is vmy, while the name of the 

 father of Isaiah is VVJK. It is probable, from the 6th chapter of the 

 book, that Isaiah entered upon his prophetical office in the last year of 

 the reign of king Uzziah, B.C. 759. lie continued to prophesy at least 

 bill the fourteenth year of the reign of liezekiah, B.C. 713 (2 Kings, xix. 

 2-7 ; Is. xxxvi.-xxxviii.), a period of forty-six years. According to au 

 ancient Jewish tradition, which is also given iu the apocryphal book 

 of the ' Ascension of Isaiah,' he waa put to death during the reign of 

 the cruel Jlauasseh (2 Kings, xxi. 16) ; who is said by Josephus 

 (' Antiq.,' x. 3, 1) to have slain all the prophets in Jerusalem. 

 ManasBeh commenced his reign B.C. 697 ; and Isaiah must therefore 

 iiave continued to prophesy for sixty-two years at least, if this tradition 

 06 correct. Isaiah had a greater influence in public affairs than any 

 other prophet, except Elijah and Elisha. He appears to have been the 

 intimate friend of Hezekiah ; and it was principally owing to his advice 

 and firrnnes* that the army of Sennacherib waa defeated. 



The prophecies of Isaiah consist of sixty-six chapters, all of which 

 were considered, till within the last fifty years, to have been composed 

 by the prophet himself. But it is the common opinion of the critics 

 iu Germany usually called Rationalists, that the book of Isaiah is a 

 collection of prophecies delivered by different persons, which were 

 collected and arranged in their present form during the Babylonian 

 exile. The whole of the latter part of the book, from eh. xL to ch. Ixvi., 

 is supposed to have been written at Babylon during the exile, and a 

 considerable port of the first thirty-nine chapters is attributed to 

 other authors than Isaiah. Some critics have called the book a 

 " poetical anthology." Thia opinion was first maintained by Koppe, 

 and has been supported by Doderlein, J usti, Eichhorn, Bauer, Paulus, 

 RosenmulU-r, lieitholdt, l3e Wette, Augusti, and at great length by 

 Geseniua in bis translation of Isaiah, Leip., ISil-'JU. The beat argu- 

 ments in defence of the common opinion are given by Jahn iu his 

 'Introduction to the Bible,' by Piofe-sor Lee in his 'Sermons and 

 Dissertations on tho Study of the Scriptures,' and by Heugsteuborg in 

 his ' Christologie des alien Testaments,' BerL, 1829 30. 



If wo admit Isaiah to have been the author of the book which bears 



