573 



JABLONSKI, PAUL ERNEST. 



JACKSON, ANDREW. 



674 



of discovering one which is remarkable for its simplicity. A direct i 

 investigation of this case has since been given by M. Poisson. 



In the volumes for 1812 and 1822 there are three papers on the 

 ' Attractions of Spheroids," in which Mr. Ivory substituted a refined 

 analytical process for the indirect method of Laplace ; the papers 

 contain also some observations on the method employed by that great j 

 geometer in computing the attractions of spheroids of any form differ- i 

 ing but little from spheres. The analytical skill shown by Mr. Ivory i 

 in these papers was frankly acknowledged by Laplace himself in a i 

 conversation which, iu 1S26, he had with Sir Humphry Davy. 



The 'Transactions' for 1814 contain an investigation by Ivory 

 relating to the orbits of comets, on the supposition that these orbits 

 are parabolical : the paper is entitled ' A New Method of Deducing a 

 First Approximation to the Orbit of a Comet from three Geocentric 

 Observations." And the volumes for 1823 and 183S contain his investi- 

 gations relating to Astronomical Refractions : in the first of these the 

 temperature of the air is supposed to decrease uniformly with a 

 uniform increase of height ; and in the other the expressions are 

 rendered general for all laws of temperature. The volumes for 1824, 

 1831, 1834, and 1839, contain each a paper ou the equilibrium of 

 fluid bodies; and in the volume for 1838 Mr. Ivory demonstrated 

 that a homogeneous ellipsoid with three unequal axes may be iu 

 equilibrio when revolving about one of the axes : he also examined 

 in detail the limitations of the proportions of the axes. The subject j 

 of planetary perturbations is treated by him in two papers which are 

 contained in the volumes for 1832 and 1833; in the first he has sim- 

 plified the theory of the variations of the elements, and in the other 



he has given some facilities for developing the eccentricities and 

 inclinations. He has given in the ' Transactions " only one paper 

 which is purely mathematical, and this is contained iu the volume for 

 1831; it is entitled ' On the Theory of Elliptic Transeendants." Mr. 

 Ivory likewise contributed several valuable papers to the ' Philoso- 

 phical Magazine," 1821-27. Several valuable communications from his 

 pen are contained in Maseres's ' Scriptores Logarithmici ; ' in Ley- 

 bourn's ' Mathematical Repository ; ' and in the Supplement to the 

 sixth edition of the ' Encyclopaedia Britanuica.' 



In estimating the merits of Mr. Ivory as a mathematician, it must 

 be borne in mind that his researches were conducted by a moat refined 

 analysis at the time when even the notation of the differential calculus 

 was not familiar to the English mathematicians ; and that, when he 

 wrote the papers relating to the attraction of spheroids, the volume of 

 the ' Me"canique Celeste,' in which that subject is treated, had probably 

 not been read by any person in this country except himself. 



In 1815 Mr. Ivory was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of 

 London. He was also an honorary fellow of the Koyal Society of 

 Edinburgh; an honorary member of the Royal Irish Academy, and 

 of the Cambridge Philosophical Society ; a corresponding member of 

 the Institute of France, of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin, 

 and of the Royal Society of Gottingen. He received in 1814 the 

 Copley medal for his mathematical communications to the Royal 

 Society ; in 1826 one of the royal medals was awarded to him for his 

 paper on 'Astronomical Refractions,' published iu 1823 ; and in 1839 

 he received another royal medal for his ' Theory of Astronomical 

 Refractions,' which was published in 1838. 



JABLONSKI, PAUL ERNEST, the son of Daniel Ernest Jablonski, a j 

 '' distinguished minister of the Protestant Church, was born at Berlin 



in 1 il'.ij. He was educated at the University of Frank furt-on-the-Oder, 

 where he applied himself with great diligence and success to the study 

 of th>; Coptic and other oriental languages. At the age of twenty-one 

 he was sent at the expense of the Prussian government to the various 

 public libraries in Europe, in order to pursue his studies and to make 

 extracts from Coptic manuscripts. In 1720 he was appointed minister 

 of the Protestant church at Liebenber?, and in 1722 professor of 

 theology at Frankfurt-on-the-Oder, and also minister of the Protestant 

 church in the same place. He died on the 13th of September 1757. 



The most important of Jublonaki's works are : 'Panthfon JEgyp- 

 tioruin, eive de Diis eorum Commentarius, cum 1'rolegomenis de 

 IMi/ione et Theologia ^E^yptiorum,' 3 vols. 8vo, 1750-52; ' De 

 Memnone Grajcorum et ^Egyptiorum, hujusque celeberrima in The- 

 biiide Stitua,' 4U>, 1753; ' Remphah vEgyptiorum Deus ab Israelitis 

 in Deserto cultus," 8vo, 1731 ; ' Diaserfationes Academics) de terra 

 liosen," Ito, 17".>36; 'Disquisitio de Lingua Lycaonica' (which is 

 mentioned in the 'Acts of the Apostles," xiv. 11), 4to, 1714-24; 

 ' Kxercitatio Historico Theoloeica de Nestoranismo," 8vo, 1724; 'De 

 ultirnis Pauli Apostoli Laboribus a Luca praetermissis,' 4to, 1746; 

 ' Institutiones Historia) Christiana) Antiquioris," 8vo, 1754 ; ' Institu- 

 tionea Historiao Christiana) recentioris," 8vo, 1756. Several of these 

 works have been republished, with many additions and corrections by 

 Te Water, under the title of ' Opuscula quibus Lingua et Antiquitates 

 jEgyptiorum, difficilia Librorum Sacrorum Loca, et Historicas Eccle- 

 siasticto Capita ilhistrantiir,' &c., 4 vols. 8vo, Leyden, 1804-13. 



JACKSON, ANDRUW, American general and president, was him- 

 self a native of the United States ; although his father, of the same 

 name, was an Irishman, the youngest of the four sons of Hugh Jack- 

 Bon, a lincndraper near Carrickfergus ; and either the linendraper 

 himself, or one of his recent progenitors, had come over from Scotland. 

 Andrew Jackson went over to America in 1765, taking with him a wife 

 and two sons. With them he established himself in the Waxhaw 

 settlement in South Carolina; and here his third and youngest eon, 

 the subject of the present notice, was born on the 15th of March 1767. 

 Andrew Jackson died five days after the birth of his sou ; and his 

 widow found herself left with a half-cleared farm, without slaves, 

 whereupon to bring up her three sons. 



Andrew, her latest born, appears to have been his mother's favourite ; 

 and the original destination of the future general and president of the 

 United States wan to be a clergyman. With this view, after having 

 finished his school education, he was sent to the Waxhaw Academy ; 

 and here he seems to have studied theology for some years. When 

 the War of Independence however made all Americans soldier?, the 

 young Jacksons did not hold back. His eldest brother was killed at 

 Stons. Andrew is recorded to have fought, along with his next eldest 

 brother Robert, under Sumter in hia attack on the British garrison at 

 Rocky Mount, on the 6th of August 1780 ; at which date he would be 

 little more than thirteen. And from this time he is stated to have 

 taken a part in the campaigns as long as the war lasted. Nor did he 

 escape the usual dissipated habits of a military life ; but, with the 

 decision of character which was his most remarkable characteristic, 

 he suddenly changed his course before it was too late, and, collecting 

 what remained of his means, put himself, in the winter of 1784, into 



the hands of Spruce M'Cay, Esq., an eminent advocate and afterwards 

 a judge, to be instructed in the practice of the law. This new study 

 he prosecuted with so much success, that in 1787 ho was appointed 

 solicitor for what was then called the Western District of North Caro- 

 lina, and is now the State of Tennessee. The circumstances of the 

 time however did not suffer him, even if he had been so inclined, to 

 throw off his military character, or to let the experience he had gained 

 in camps and campaigns go to rust. Although the war with the 

 mother country was over, the borders of the republican territory were 

 still infested with another most troublesome enemy in the original 

 occupants of the soil; and Jackson, although he would only serve as 

 a private, is said to have so much distinguished himself in the contest 

 with these natural rivals of his race, that he was honoured among them 

 with the titles, or descriptive appellations, of Sharp Knife and Pointed 

 Arrow. 



He continued to be thus employed till the year 1796, when, after 

 having first acted as one of the members of the Convention for esta- 

 blishing a constitution for tho state of Tennessee, he was, under that 

 new arrangement, elected to a seat iu the House of Representatives. 

 The next year he was chosen a seuator ; but he resigned his seat after 

 holding it for one session. He was then appointed by the legislature 

 of Tennessee judge of the supreme court in that state; having also 

 been shortly before chosen a major-general of the state forces. But 

 he soon resigned his judicial office ; and, settling himself ou a farm, 

 a few miles from Nashville, ou the Cumberland River, he resided there 

 in retirement till the breaking out of the war with England iu 1812. 

 With that event commences the most memorable portion of Jackson's 

 career. 



His first command was that of a body of between two and three 

 thousand volunteers, who had assembled ou his invitation, and with 

 whom he was directed to proceed down the Mississippi for the defence 

 of the lower country. This was in November 1812. The next year 

 he greatly distinguished himself by a campaign against the Creek 

 tribes, who were repeatedly afterwards defeated by him. The war 

 was terminated in August 1814 by a treaty, by which they agreed to 

 lay down their arms. 



In 1814 Jackson was appointed a major-general in the service of the 

 United States ; and, among other operations, he succeeded in taking 

 Pensacola on the 7th of November, and raised himself to the highest 

 point of reputation and popularity among his countrymen by the 

 repulse of the British forces in their attack on New Orleans, on the 

 8th of January 1816. The next military command which he held was 

 that of the war against the Seminole Indians of Florida in 1818. 

 Jackson's proceedings in this war, from first to last/, were extremely 

 irregular and high-hauded ; the force at the head of which he placed 

 himself was raised and officered not only without but in direct oppo- 

 sition to the orders of the general government : in carrying on his 

 operations against the Indians, he did not scruple to seize, one after 

 another, several forts and ports belonging to Spain, with which country 

 the United States were at peace, and to put down the Spanish authori- 

 ties by the power of the sword conduct of which his government 

 marked its disapproval by the immediate restoration of the places 

 thus unwarrantably seized ; but his most extraordinary act was the 

 execution of the two Englishmen, Arbutbnot and Ambrister. Alex- 

 ander Arbuthnot was taken in tho Spanish Fort of St. Mark's, along 



